This article examines and reviews two types of reduced redundancy tests, namely cloze tests C-tests, which involve completing a text from certain units (whole words or their parts) have been removed. Assessment instruments this kind are typically used to measure overall language proficiency, for example the purpose making placement decisions. The paper also discusses development these measures ...

algebraic frames are generalizations of fourier transforms on locally compact abelian groups in the sense that the family of vectors forming the frame are replaced by a family of unbounded linear functionals. the paper studies the indexing measure space of the algebraic frames; as the investigation narrows down to the class of lower semiframes, more relations are revealed between the discret...

this paper presents an optimal integrated instrumentation sensor network design methodology for complex nonlinear chemical process plants using a combinatorial particle swarm optimiazation (cpso) engine. no comprehensive sensor network design approach has been addressed yet in the literature to simultaneously incorporate cost, precision and reliability requirements for nonlinear plants. the pre...

Williams and Beer (2010) proposed a nonnegative mutual information decomposition, based on the construction of redundancy lattices, which allows separating the information that a set of variables contains about a target variable into nonnegative components interpretable as the unique information of some variables not provided by others as well as redundant and synergistic components. However, t...

i Abstract A diagnosis procedure is an algorithm to detect and locate (isolate) faulty components in a dynamic process. To achieve diagnosis, redundancy has to be included in the system. This redundancy can be either hardware redundancy or analytical redundancy. Methods based on analytical redundancy need no extra hardware. The redundancy is generated from a process model instead. In this thesi...

Many software systems today, such as computational grids, include faulty and untrusted components. As faults are inevitable, these systems utilize redundancy to achieve fault tolerance. In this paper, we present two new, “smart” redundancy techniques: iterative redundancy and progressive redundancy. The two techniques are efficient, adaptive, and automated. They are efficient in that they lever...