The hydrogen–bromine redox flow battery is a promising energy storage technology with the potential for capital costs as low 220 $ kWh−1 and high operational power densities in excess of 1.4 W cm−2. In this work, enhanced surface area bromine electrodes incorporating carbon black (CB) graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) on paper cloth substrates were investigated, effect electrolyte concentration per...

Numerical simulation has become indispensable in advancing cost-effective process optimization and control of flow batteries. We propose an enhanced version the physics-constrained deep neural network (PCDNN) approach (He et al., 2022) to provide high-accuracy voltage predictions vanadium redox batteries (VRFBs). The purpose PCDNN is enforce physics-based zero-dimensional (0D) VRFB model a assu...

Recently, the appeal of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESSs) has been growing in multiple application fields, such as charging stations, grid services, and microgrids. HESSs consist an integration two or more single (ESSs) to combine benefits each ESS improve overall system performance, e.g., efficiency lifespan. Most recent studies on HESS mainly focus power management coupling between differ...