Type 1 (classic distal) renal tubular acidosis [2] Inability to form an acid urine in the distal tubule [3] . May be inherited as a primary disorder or associated with autoimmune disorders (eg, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)) [4] , hyperparathyroidism, analgesic nephropathy, renal transplant rejection, obstructive uropathy and chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs). Wit...

The clinical profile of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) as it is seen in the United States and most Western countries has evolved significantly over the past half century. The introduction of the multichannel serum autoanalyzer in the 1970s led to the recognition of a cohort of individuals with asymptomatic hypercalcemia, in whom evaluation led to the diagnosis of PHPT. The term "asymptomati...

Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism is a new entity which possibly represents a fruste form of the classic clinically symptomatic disease and which has generated a considerable scientific interest in the last decade. Its official recognition is just as recent as in 2008, when an international conference took place for clarifying its nature and relevance (Bilezikian et al., 2009). Its true...

Osteitis fibrosa cystica is the classic patognomonic form of skeletal disease in hyperparathyroidism that characterizes with decreased cortical bone thickness compared to increased cancellous bone. We present a case of 52-year old female patient with osteolysis of the left calf on radiographic images. The bone scan detected multiple focal pathological accumulations in the skull, left tibia, bot...

Incidence The incidence has been increasing in many countries since the seventies [1; 2]. In some countries a peak incidence was reached after which the incidence declined to the same levels as were seen before the incidence started to increase [2]. This has been interpreted as the presence of a large “pool” of hitheto undiagnosed mild or asymptomatic patients, who are then diagnosed until the ...

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHT) is a frequent and asymptomatic pathology in 80% of patients, and a parathyroidal adenoma is found in the most case. However, rare cases might occur during pregnancy; and the literature reported up to 200 cases. We report three cases of PHT that occurred during the second and last third trimesters of pregnancy stage in patients aged 26, 42 and 32-year-old. Despi...

Primary hyperparathyroidism from a parathyroid adenoma is common. Ectopic parathyroid glands have been reported in numerous locations, including the chest. We present a single case report of an intrapericardial parathyroid gland found after failed bilateral neck exploration. The patient presented with severe, recurrent nephrolithiasis and acute renal failure prior to his surgical intervention. ...

Previously, radiologists played a limited role in the treatment of parathyroid disease, primary focusing on the preoperative localization of parathyroid lesions responsible for hyperparathyroidism. But, the widespread use of high-resolution ultrasound has lead to the increasing detection of parathyroid incidentalomas (PTIs). Consequently, radiologists may be required to differentiate PTIs from ...

Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism (NC-PHPT) is a clinical entity characterized by normal serum calcium and persistently elevated parathyroid (PTH) levels. These patients have no obvious causes for secondary hyperparathyroidism such as vitamin D deficiency and renal insufficiency [1,2-16,17]. None of the patients had clear evidence of gastrointestinal disease. Although the entity NC-PHPT...

We report a case of primary Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) occuring in a 36 year old woman, during pregnancy. This woman received medical therapy to the delivery, then underwent parathyroidectomy in post-partum. Primary HPT during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of fetal loss, neonatal and maternal morbidity. Neonatal hypocalcemia is due to transient hypoparathyroidism consequent to abno...