The objective of this research is to quantitatively measure and compare the environmental load and construction cost of different structural frame types. Construction cost also accounts for the costs of CO₂ emissions of input materials. The choice of structural frame type is a major consideration in construction, as this element represents about 33% of total building construction costs. In this...

Abstract—When high strength reinforced concrete is exposed to high temperature due to a fire, deteriorations occur such as loss in strength and elastic modulus, cracking and spalling of the concrete. Therefore, it is important to understand risk of structural safety in building structures by studying structural behaviors and rehabilitation of fire damaged high strength concrete structures. This...

Abstract Transition to low energy and material demand (LEMD) for buildings is key reach climate change mitigation sustainability targets but will require unprecedent technological social transformations. Scenarios addressing LEMD transformations the global building sector are still largely unexplored. In this study, we assess residential demands until 2050 three alternative sustainable developm...