Topological spaces such as classifying spaces, configuration spaces and spacetimes often admit extra directionality. Qualitative invariants on such directed spaces often are more informative, yet more difficult, to calculate than classical homotopy invariants because directed spaces rarely decompose as homotopy colimits of simpler directed spaces. Directed spaces often arise as geometric realiz...

Background In-vitro gait simulations have great potential, allowing a systematic analysis of the foot function. However, it is important that the loading conditions are realistic i.e. physiologic ground reaction forces (GRF). In most experiments, in-vivo measured GRF can be imposed [1,2]. However in experimental designs that evaluate the effect of altered muscle forces on foot motion this is mo...

Methods Fifteen patients with midfoot arthritis aged between 20 and 60 years participated in the study. Foot function index (FFI) was assessed to evaluate pain before and after the walking activity. Lower leg muscle activity, GRF and gait cycle time during walking were measured under two conditions: “shoe only”, and “shoe with FCF insole”. Electromyography (EMG) activities of the tibialis anter...

The objective of this study was to correlate the effects of muscle force on the movement of the center of pressure (COP) for increased clinical utility of the COP measurement. Five fresh frozen cadaveric specimens were used to apply a 49 N sinusoidal muscle force to isolated or grouped extrinsic ankle muscles, and a constant ankle joint reaction force at different tibial positions. The muscle f...

Ground reaction force (GRF) measurements are commonly reported in bodyweight (BW) units. Division normalization of this type reduces the contribution of body size differences to the variance among subjects. Several researchers have noted that peak force measurements can remain significantly correlated with BW, even after normalization. Most recently, Wannop et al. [1] examined GRF components an...

This study investigated the relationship between front foot contact (FFC) ground reaction forces (GRF) during delivery stride, lower-limb strength, eccentric dexterity and power, ball release speed (BRS) among pace bowlers. Thirteen high-level male bowlers performed double single leg drop landings; isometric mid-thigh pull; countermovement jump; bowling (two-over spell measuring BRS FFC GRF). T...

There is a paucity of available biomechanical kinetic data comparing shod and barefoot conditions in children. Do children wearing footwear have comparable gait velocity, ground reaction forces (GRF), spatiotemporal parameters, propulsive braking impulses when compared to walking barefoot? Seventy-five were divided into four groups: Group 1 females aged 4–9 years old (n = 29). 2 3–5 16). 3 male...

This paper reports "work in progress" on a project which I've titled, "The Spaces of Transnational Cultures". The aim of the project is to build on, but be methodologically different from, my earlier research on the architecture and urbanism of colonial and postcolonial cities in which the principal objective had been to demonstrate the inherently constitutive relationship between the political...