This paper applies Shannon theory, which was established to describe a discrete general communications system, to a general identification system that is affected by noise (and jamming), the probability of a discrete event occurring (such as an object in a certain region of space), and most importantly, the entropy and dissonance of the information source. This paper analyzes the cause of the m...

Efficiency of solar based disinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in rooftop harvested rainwater was evaluated aiming the potability of rainwater. The rainwater samples were exposed to direct sunlight for about 8-9 hours and the effects of water temperature (°C), sunlight irradiance (W/m2), different rear surfaces of polyethylene terephthalate bottles, variable microbial concentr...

The problem of obtaining a detailed understanding of the behavior of a cluster (or a collection) of rainwater tanks is complex and can only be solved by simulation. If the collection of houses is very large, a tractable solution can only be obtained by stochastic simulation in which the parameters defining the houses and tanks are sampled from probability distributions. An important output from...

The provision of alternative water sources is the principal arsenic mitigation strategy in Bangladesh, but can lead to risk substitution. A study of arsenic mitigation options was undertaken to assess water quality and sanitary condition and to estimate the burden of disease associated with each technology in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Dugwells and pond-sand filters showed heavy mi...

Chromium exists usually in the (III) or (VI) oxidation states. In contrast to Cr(III), which is essential to mammalian systems, Cr(VI) is dangerous for humans due to its toxicity and carcinogenic properties. Cr(VI) compounds are highly soluble, mobile and bioavailable compared to Cr(III) species. Chromium is usually analyzed using instrumental methods such as AAS or ICP, which are accurate and ...

Jones and Rachlin (2008) found that the amount of money a person is willing to forgo in order to give $75 to another person decreased as a hyperbolic function of perceived social distance, in the same way as occurs in intertemporal choice. This study aimed to extend this finding to the domain of social networks, in which social distance is defined by degrees of separation. A total of 334 partic...

The amount of water on earth is the same and only the distribution and the reallocation of water forms are altered in both time and space. To improve the rainwater harvesting a better understanding of the hydrological cycle is mandatory. Clouds are major component of the hydrological cycle; therefore, clouds distribution is the keystone of better rainwater harvesting. Remote sensing technology ...