ABSTRACT The vertical profile of $C_n^2$ is the main factor for accurate astronomical observation and laser communication, however, hardware-based instruments associated data are not widely available due to logistical financial issues. In this article, we developed an indirect method, a hybrid network structure which combination backpropagation neural simulated annealing algorithm, fit $C_n^2$....

For the verification of the MERIS cloud products, a number of images above several sites above western Europe has been analyzed. The verification of the cloud products consists of three independent methods. The most important task during the verification phase was a manual review to find artefacts and non-physical values. Additionally a comparison with cloud top pressures estimated from radioso...

Vector smoothing splines on the sphere are defined% Theoretical properties are briefly alluded to. An approach to choosing the appropriate Hilbert space norms to use in a specific meteorological application is described and justified via a duality theorem. Numerical procedures for computing the splines as well as the cross validation estimate of two smoothing parameters are given. A Monte Carlo...

The suggestion has been made that the Montgomery streamfunction is now calculable for isentropic analysis purposes simply by applying the equation = gZ + cpT . Historically, this practice has been frowned upon, as measurements aloft did not have the accuracy requisite to allow such practice. Instead, an integral approach to calculating has been preferred to get workable values. Yet, advancement...

Figure 2 shows a plot of the associated MWR-retrieved water vapor (WV) from (1) an iterative or minimization approach based on a single nearby (in time) radiosonde profile and using the Liebe 87 absorption model, (2) the standard ARM statistical retrieval (data straight from the archive), and (3) the MWR profile (PROF) value-added procedure. The MWR PROF retrieval (one of the ARM standard value...

Several techniques exist for computing vertical motions. In this paper, radiosonde wind observations are used to compute vertical motions by the kinematic method. The presence of cumulative bias errors necessitates adjustment techniques. Simple tests of two techniques indicate that, for the period of this study, a divergence adjustment that is a function of pressure yields the best adjusted ver...

An iterative method for deducing the general temperature and moisture structure of the troposphere from satellite radiation measurements of medium spectral resolution is described. The temperature and moisture profiles derived from simulated and radiometrically observed radiances, pertaining t o clear atmospheres, are shown to agree favorably with the radiosonde profiles. The method is expanded...