R2 is a non-long-terminal-repeat (LTR) retrotransposon that inserts specifically into 28S rDNA. R2 has been identified in many species of arthropods and three species of chordates. R2 may be even more widely distributed in animals, and its origin may be traceable to early animal evolution. In this study, we identified R2 elements in medaka fish, White Cloud Mountain minnow, Reeves' turtle, hagf...

BACKGROUND There is an ongoing debate as to whether early diabetic nephropathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus may be attributed to the glomerulus or to the proximal tubule. Urinary excretion of nephrin and vascular endothelial growth factor may increase even in the normoalbuminuria stage. In the course of diabetic nephropathy, the proximal tubule may be involved in the uptake of urinary nephrin an...

Let M be a compact, orientable, irreducible, ∂-irreducible, anannular 3manifold with one component T of ∂M a torus. A slope r on T is a T isotopy class of essential, unoriented, simple closed curves on T , and the distance between two slopes r1 and r2, denoted by 4(r1, r2), is the minimal geometric intersection number among all the curves representing the slopes. For a slope r on T , we denote ...

Clostridium difficile is the commonest cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, with the hospitalized elderly being at particular risk. The organism makes a crystalline surface protein layer (S-layer), encoded by the slpA gene, the product of which is cleaved to give two mature peptides which associate to form the layer. The larger peptide (high molecular weight; HMW), derived from the C-termi...

ID: 6000 Title: MRI Relaxometry BMD Measurements using Conventional Phase Symmetrized Rapid Increased Flip Spin Echo and Standard Gradient Echo and its correlation with DXA Purpose: Recently, several special MRI protocols have been developed for BMD measurements for deriving R2(=1/T2), R2*(=1/T2*) and R2'(=R2*-R2) applied in several cross sectional studies. But, due to high slew rate gradients ...

The self-assembly in solution and adsorption at the air-water interface, measured by small-angle neutron scattering, SANS, and neutron reflectivity, NR, of the monorhamnose and dirhamnose rhamnolipids (R1, R2) and their mixtures, are discussed. The production of the deuterium-labeled rhamnolipids (required for the NR studies) from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture and their separation into the p...

OBJECTIVE To investigate visceral leishmaniasis (VL) deaths and risk factors in two VL endemic areas of Bangladesh. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional. SETTING Two geographically and culturally different VL endemic subdistricts, Godagari in the district of Rajshahi and Trishal in the district of Mymensingh in Bangladesh, August 2009-December 2011. PARTICIPANTS 51 094 inhabitants from ra...