Introduction: Single photon counting detectors enable the receiver of an optoelectronic system to achieve the ultimate receiver sensitivity, the quantum limit. They are also essential in applications that rely on the quantum nature of the light, such as quantum cryptography and quantum computing. Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are commonly used for single photon counting because of its high gain ...

Radix Isatidis (Isatis indigotica Fort.) is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicine plants. However, there is no suitable herbicide used for weed control in Radix Isatidis field during postemergence stage. To explore the safety of sulfonylurea herbicide nicosulfuron on Radix Isatidis (Isatis indigotica Fort.) seedlings and the photosynthetic physiological response of the plant to...

We present the most complete scattering theory for noise in noninteracting case. The exact formula for spectral density of current fluctuations at finite frequency is presented in terms of scattering matrix for a coherent quantum conductor. We show that the shot noise at finite frequency in an ideally conducting contact is finite and the spectral density of the noise has a singularity at the " ...

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is essential for multiparty quantum communication, which one of cornerstones in the future internet. However, a linear rate-distance limitation severely constrains secure key rate and transmission distance QSS. Here, we present practical QSS protocol among three participants based on differential phase shift scheme twin field ideas solution high-efficiency communica...