Background: In the past decade, childlessness has become a most important problem in the world. At the same time evidence confirms a link between sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and infertility problem. Some of viral STDs are: HIV, HPV, HSVand so on. The innate immune system is essential for the initial detection of invading viruses and subsequent activation of adaptive immunity. also, The...

Background: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a complication of conception in which the embryo implants outside of uterine cavity. The increasing incidence of serious maternal morbidity resulting from EP has prompted the search for biomarkers to aid in early diagnosis and take advantage of conservative treatments. One of the effective biomarkers in EP is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF ...

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic growth factor that is produced by different tissues, including the endometrium and ovary. VEGF is involved in many processes related to reproductive physiology, including angiogenesis, which is essential for implantation and placentation. It has been suggested that VEGF may be the angiogenic factor responsible for the implan...

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form the major family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are involved in the innate immunity. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. In human, 10 members of this family have been identified so far. Among these TLRs, TLR3, 7, 8 and 9 designed to recognize nucleic acids and expresse...

Background: The presence of immune system within the female reproductive tract is increasingly being recognized as an important element for maintaining host protection and promoting reproductive functions. The Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) family plays an important role in innate immune responses against microbial pathogens within the genital tract. These receptors recognize distinct pathogen-asso...

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A variety of laboratory techniques are available to determine the expression levels of particular mRNAs present in biological samples. Depending on the laboratory resources available, the level of accuracy desired, and the number of targets to be measured, the researcher typically chooses between techniques such as quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), Northern blots, RNase protection analysis, or expressi...