The determination of in vitro release kinetics of peptides from poly(D,Llactide-co-glyolide) (PLGA) microspheres generally requires optimization of the test conditions for a given formulation. This is particularly important when in vitro/in vivo correlation should be determined. Here, the somatostatin analogue vapreotide pamoate, an octapeptide, was microencapsulated into PLGA 50:50 by spray-dr...

Active worms major security threats to the Internet. This is due to the ability of active worms to propagate in an automated fashion as they continuously compromise computers on the Internet. Active worms evolve during their propagation, and thus, pose great challenges to defend against them. In this paper, we investigate a new class of active worms, referred to as Camouflaging Worm (C-Worm in ...

Environmental risk-management decisions in the U.S. involving potential exposures to methylmercury currently use a reference dose (RfD) developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This RfD is based on retrospective studies of an acute poisoning incident in Iraq in which grain contaminated with a methylmercury fungicide was inadvertently used in the baking of bread. The exposu...

The “puyen”, Galaxias maculatus, is a small, autochthonous fish (no longer than 10 cm in this region). This species is protected in the Nahuel Huapi National Park and Reserve. Information on its biology is available in RM McDowall (1968 Fish Res Bull 2: 1-84, 1972 J R Soc New Zel 2: 325-367), DA Pollard (1971 Aus J Mar Fresh Res 22: 91-123) and RA Ferriz (1987 Rev Mus Arg B Riv 5: 29-38). Tylod...

Viva the worm ike yin and yang, good things usually come at a cost. If you live longer, then you give up reproductive fitness in return. The merits of this model—termed antagonistic pleiotropy—have been argued by evolutionary biologists for half a century. Some believe that the effort of reproduction is necessarily linked to deterioration characteristic of aging. have challenged the idea by unc...

Introduction Parasitology is the study of organisms that are symbi-otic with other organisms. In this form of symbiosis, the parasite species by definition benefits from the interaction while the host is harmed to some degree. In actuality, some parasites benefit their hosts. The animals traditionally studied by parasitologists range from protozoa to arthropods, and include all types of interna...

Antiparasitics for the treatment of companion animals and livestock is one largest global market segments in animal health industry.Parasitic infections caused by endo- ectoparasites – latter also transmitting vector-borne diseases are among most significant worldwide, both humans.Most antiparasitic active pharmaceutical ingredients were developed more than 20 years ago. Isoxazolines, which fir...

INTRODUCTION Cerebral cysticercosis, also known as neurocysticercosis, caused by the larval stage (metacestode) Cysticercus cellulosae of Taenia solium (Cyclophyllida: Taeniidae), has been identified as a major public health problem in African populations. T. solium has an indirect life-cycle. With the extremely rare exception (experimental infection only) of the white-handed gibbon (Hylobates ...

To the Editor: Baylisascaris procyonis roundworms are common parasites of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in several regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. These parasites are increasingly recognized as a cause of larva migrans in humans, an infection that often results in severe neurologic sequelae or death. In addition, larva migrans has been documented in ≈90 species of wild and domestic birds...

Humans are fighting a grinding war against parasitic nematodes. More than 100 species of nematode parasites are known to infect humans. Additionally, 1.5 billion people are infected by soil-transmitted helminths worldwide that cause an annual disease burden of 5 million years lost due to disability (YLD) (1). This disease burden is greater than the annual disease burdens of malaria (4 million Y...