OBJECTIVES This study sought to present evidence that short stature is a hemodynamic liability, which could explain in part the inverse relation between body height and cardiovascular risk. BACKGROUND Other explanations for the association of short stature with increased cardiovascular risk include advancing age, reduced pulmonary function, genetic factors, poor childhood nutrition and small-...

Virtual shunt describes the overall loss of O2 content between the alveolar gas and arterial blood. Clinicians indirectly estimate the magnitude of the virtual shunt by monitoring peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) using non-invasive pulse oximetry. An inherent limitation of this method is the variable precision of pulse oximeters and the non-linear relationship between virtual shunt and...

This paper presents a staircase-down SET programming technique for phase-change memories (PCMs). The proposed programming approach allows compensating for spreads in cell physical parameters and obtaining adequately narrow cell distributions, which results in improved read margin. The cell programming curve is experimentally evaluated and discussed. The effectiveness of the proposed technique i...

The effects of the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of a few-cycle attosecond pulse on ionized electron momentum and energy spectra are analyzed, both with and without an additional few-cycle IR pulse. In the absence of an IR pulse, the CEP-induced asymmetries in the ionized electron momentum distributions are shown to vary as the 3/2 power of the attosecond pulse intensity. These asymmetries are a...

Performing various daily activities requires precise application and control of forces, which has been well addressed in neurologically healthy individuals. Recent experiments have demonstrated that in young, normal subjects generating rapid force pulses over various force amplitudes was accomplished by linearly increasing the rate of force development while keeping time to peak force approxima...

This paper describes establishment by computational and experimental methods of the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) N13.11 X-ray radiation fields by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). These fields were used in the standard irradiations of various personal dosimeters for the personal dosimetry performance test program performed by the Ministry of Science and Technolo...

We studied the variability in saccades by comparing the peak velocities of saccades with the same target amplitude made with different actual amplitudes. We tested three hypotheses: the pulse-height noise hypothesis (peak velocity and amplitude vary proportionally), the localization noise hypothesis (variability in amplitude and peak velocity lie along the main sequence), and the independent no...

In this study, we aimed to measure the directly ionizing component (muons and photons) and the indirectly ionizing component (neutrons) of the cosmic-ray spectra and evaluate their dose rate contribution to the total dose rate on a ground level in Japan. Measurements were carried out in Tohoku University, Japan, from October 2000. The pulse-height spectra of the cosmic-ray photons and muons wer...

Streak cameras are used to study the x-rays that are emitted from Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) targets as they implode. These cameras operate by using a photocathode to convert the x-ray flux to a secondary electron current. Secondary electrons are then focused onto a phosphor screen using the streak tube electron optics, and finally recorded using a charged coupled device (CCD) camera. Th...

Optical crosstalk seriously limits the photon-counting resolution of silicon photomultipliers. In this work, realistic analytical models to describe the crosstalk effects on the response of these photodetectors are presented and compared with experimental data. The proposed models are based on the hypothesis that each pixel of the array has a finite number of available neighboring pixels to exc...