There is conflicting evidence regarding the association of hypertension with psychological distress, such as anxiety and depressive symptoms. The association may be because of a direct effect of the raised blood pressure, adverse effects of treatment, or the consequences of labeling. In a representative study of 33 105 adults (aged 51.7 12.1 years; 45.8% men), we measured levels of psychologica...

The differences in behavioral effects between interval and ratio reinforcement have been pointed out by several investigators (1, 6, 9, 15), and reveal themselves most clearly in comparisons of over-all response rates, temporal patterns of cumulative-response curves, and subsequent extinction responding. In view of the different procedures followed by the experimenter and these contrasting beha...

Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were reinforced with food for traversing a runway for either 18 or 36 trials, administered at a rate of 1 trial per day. Then, all animals received 18 extinction trials. The latency to run from the start box to the goal box was the dependent variable. Extinction was significantly slower in animals that had received 50% partial reinforcement during acquisition,...

We study the dynamics of behavioral transitions when European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) experience stepwise changes in the value of a meaningful time interval. Subjects were primed to respond at a certain time T1. After extensive training, the primed time changed to a new value T2. In Experiment 1 subjects were reinforced on 40% of the trials and they experienced a single transition which la...

objectives: this study sought to assess the level of stress in general dentists in the 2nd district of tehran city in 2014 to find out the stressors and suggest strategies to overcome them. methods: this descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted on 130 general dentists from the 2nd district of tehran city selected via weighted randomization. level of stress was assessed using...

objective: violence during pregnancy has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. this study aimed to explore the link between psychological violence (psv) and pregnancy outcomes in terms of maternal and birth for the first time in women attending mazandaran university of medical sciences (mums) primary health centers (phcs) in iran. methods: prospective cohort of 1461 pregnant women ex...

background: nursing is naturally a stressful job. stress in nurses can cause depression, isolation from patients, absence and decrease in their qualification. this study aimed to determine the causes of job stress in nurses of kashan, iran. materials and methods: in this cross-sectional study, 189 nurses from kashan hospitals of different wards were studied. the information collection tool was ...

background: hypoactive sexual desire disorder is the most common sexual disorder among women, which interferes with their various functions. activity of brain-behavioral and psychological distress systems are considered among factors affecting sexual function. objectives: the present study aimed to compare women with hypoactive sexual desire and normal women in terms of brain-behavioral and psy...