Vitamin B12, cobalamin, is a cobalt-containing ring-contracted modified tetrapyrrole that represents one of the most complex small molecules made by nature. In prokaryotes it utilised as cofactor, coenzyme, light sensor and gene regulator yet has restricted role in assisting only two enzymes within specific eukaryotes including mammals. This deployment disparity reflected another unique attribu...

BACKGROUND For older men and women, the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein are not known with confidence. Data from the limited research studies available suggest that the EAR and RDA might be greater than the assumed 0.66 and 0.80 g protein x kg body wt(-1) x d(-1), respectively. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the effect of age on the EAR a...

The dietary crude protein requirement of penaeid shrimp is an important nutritional consideration because protein is often the major limiting nutrient for growth. In most cases, research has focused on total dietary protein levels rather than a daily requirement for protein. This research utilized three practical diets containing 16%, 32%, and 48% protein and various daily rations to estimate d...

The central aspect of epithelial cells is their polarized structure, characterized by two distinct domains of the plasma membrane, the apical and the basolateral membrane. Apical protein sorting requires various signals and different intracellular routes to the cell surface. The first apical targeting motif identified is the membrane anchoring of a polypeptide by glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol ...