the protease enzyme breaks down protein into amino acids as its constructors. protease immobilization onto appropriate support materials plays an essential role in various fields of technology including the food and detergent industries. accordingly, improvement of protease immobilization has been highly regarded due to its applications in bio catalysis. alginate and chitosan are natural polysa...

apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death that occurs under physiological as well as pathological conditions, is characterized by morphological and biochemical features. while the importance of caspases in apoptosis is established, several noncaspase proteases (ca2+-dependent proteases) such as calpain may play a role in the execution of apoptosis. the calpain family consists of two major isof...

Blood-feeding parasites employ a battery of proteolytic enzymes to digest the contents of their bloodmeal. Host haemoglobin is a major substrate for these proteases and, therefore, a driving force in the evolution of parasite-derived proteolytic enzymes. This review will focus on the digestive proteases of the major blood-feeding nematodes - hookworms (Ancylostoma spp. and Necator americanus) a...

Pollen proteases were discovered over 100 years ago, whereas the enzymes from female tissues have been used since the Roman era in simple biotechnological processes. In the last decade a great progress has been made in studies on plant proteases, including those from the generative organs. This paper reviews reports published in the last decade, concerning purification, properties and localizat...

Bacterial proteases participate in the proteolytic elimination of misfolded or aggregated proteins, carried out by members AAA+ protein superfamily such as Hsp100/Clp, Lon, and FtsH. It is estimated that Clp Lon families perform around 80% cellular proteolysis bacteria. These functions are regulated, part, through spatial and/or temporal use adapter which recognition delivery specific substrate...

Higher alcohols and esters are key compounds from fermentation that help define the character of beer. mainly produced by yeast via Ehrlich amino acid degradation pathway especially leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine. Augmenting concentration these acids can enhance output pathway. Unlike previous studies, work reported here explores possibility combining endo- exo-proteases to selectiv...

Proteases are important molecules that are involved in many key physiological processes. Protease signaling pathways are strictly controlled, and disorders in protease activity can result in pathological changes such as cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, cancer and neurological disorders. Many proteases have been associated with increasing tumor metastasis in various human cancers, sugge...

Activity-based probes (ABPs) are small molecules that exclusively form covalent bonds with catalytically active enzymes. In the last decade, they have especially been used in functional proteomics studies of proteases. Here, we present phosphoramidate peptides as a novel type of ABP for serine proteases. These molecules can be made in a straightforward manner by standard Fmoc-based solid-phase ...

The reaction center protein D1 of photosystem II (PSII), known as a primary target of photodamage, is repaired efficiently by the PSII repair cycle, to cope with constant photooxidative damage. Recent studies of Arabidopsis show that the endo-type Deg protease and the exo-type FtsH proteases cooperatively degrade D1 in the PSII repair in vivo. It is particularly interesting that we observed upr...

Proteases or peptidases constitute the largest group of enzymes in bio-industry with a long array of uses. They play an invincible role in industrial biotechnology, especially in detergent, food and pharmaceutical arena. This focused review encompasses an overview on alkaline proteases, mainly of microbial sources in a handy module. Following an introduction and general classification with evol...