BACKGROUND Our previous study demonstrated that metabolic inflammation exacerbates dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in type 2 diabetes mice. Metformin, a typical oral hypoglycemic agent for diabetes, has been regarded as an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase and a regulator of systemic energy metabolism. Although metformin plays potential protective effects in many disorders, it is unc...

Studies arc described addressing the controversial issue of the multi plicity of efflux routes for |'H|M TX in 1.1210 cells. \\e examined efflux multiplicity under conditions that do and do not maintain cellular ATP at the physiological level. In ATP-replete cells, the results delineate a probenccid-, bromosulfophthalcin-, and vcrapamil-inhibitable route that accounts for nearly 90% of |TI|MTX ...

We report a case of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) encephalomyelitis in an immunocompetent patient, which was confirmed by viral amplification from cerebrospinal fluid. Cidofovir was used, followed by ganciclovir, because of an adverse effect to probenecid. The patient recovered. HHV-6 should be recognized as one of the causes of encephalomyelitis.

The pharmacokinetics of 4-amino-3-chlorophenyl hydrogen sulfate, M-III of resatorvid, in rats and dogs were investigated using radiolabeled M-III ([(14)C]M-III). The elimination half-life of (14)C in the plasma of rats was approximately 1/30 of that of dogs after intravenous dosing of [(14)C]M-III at 0.5 mg/kg to rats and dogs. The in vitro and in vivo plasma protein binding ratios of M-III wer...

PURPOSE To characterize movement of fluorescein and its glucuronide across the blood-retinal barrier. METHODS Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid preparations from New Zealand albino rabbit were sealed in an Ussing-type chamber in a stabilized condition for 3 hr, where movement of fluorescein and fluorescein glucuronide across the RPE-choroid was studied under a short circuit condition. ...

BACKGROUND AND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) is a potent metabolite of morphine which has high penetration into the brain despite its high polarity, which could be the result of an active transport system involved in M6G transport through blood brain barrier. Examples of such transporters are p-glycoprotein (PGP), probenecid-sensitive transport mechanism, multidrug resis...