Today's production paradigm is shaped by mass production, where processes and tools are standardized, expertise not taken much into account, the same products produced either in batches or massively small varieties. Production carried out factories certain centers, often distributed all over world. There a need for multi-agent supply chain network management with stages of delivering to final c...

3D printing known as additive manufacturing (AM) has been applied for applications in different fields such as aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and energy industries. It is the fact that 3D printing has gained a very wide acceptance over the last decade. However, several significant hurdles prevent its wider adoption. One of the most important barriers is the quality of the printed parts. Cur...

The purpose of this study is to document current cost-estimating practices used in commercial digital printing. A research study was conducted to determine the use of cost-estimating in commercial digital printing companies. This study answers the questions: 1) What methods are currently being used to estimate digital printing? 2) What is the relationship between estimating and pricing digital ...

Organic electronic devices fabricated by entirely wet processes using organic semiconductors, insulators, metal nanoparticles, etc., have been attracting much attention. In particular, by utilizing printing techniques on plastic substrates, flexible electronic devices of large area and low-cost will be attained. However, conventional printing techniques such as flexo printing, screen printing a...

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The present interest in medical services for small factories is matched by the limited objective information which is available on the demand for and needs of such services. As a teaching project, a survey was made of factories with between 30 and 200 employees on an estate in the North West where there was no organized medical service. Unfortunately, time allowed only 22 factories to be visite...

background spoilage of tea (camellia sinensis) is often accompanied by contamination and formation of mycotoxins, which are toxic secondary metabolites produced by specific tea-borne fungi. objectives the purposes of this study were to isolate aspergillus flora in the air from tea gardens and factories in gilan and mazandaran provinces, in northern iran, and to determine their protein patterns....

BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) printing has numerous applications and has gained much interest in the medical world. The constantly improving quality of 3D-printing applications has contributed to their increased use on patients. This paper summarizes the literature on surgical 3D-printing applications used on patients, with a focus on reported clinical and economic outcomes. METHODS Three...

The era of affordable 3D printing is clearly underway; indeed, the historical patterns of growth in 3D printing are, in many ways, strikingly similar to those associated with the growth of home computing in the late 1970’s. One of the prominent areas of increased interest in 3Dprinting is in the realmof education: fabrication tools are becoming available to college undergraduates and high schoo...

Cell printing is an emerging technique for use in tissue engineering and bio-manufacturing. The essential idea is to deliver living cells to target positions using droplets generated via various mechanisms including thermoor piezo-jetting, laser-guided direct write technique, and others (Boland et al. 2006; Ringeisen et al. 2006; Calvert 2007). By taking advantage of the intrinsic properties of...