Biased regression is an alternative to ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, especially when explanatory variables are highly correlated. In this paper, we examine the geometrical structure of the shrinkage factors of biased estimators. We show that, in most cases, shrinkage factors cannot belong to [0, 1] in all directions. We also compare the shrinkage factors of ridge regression (RR), pri...

The Azerbaijani economy has long been discussed in academic literature with reference to the theories of natural resource curse (NRC) and Dutch disease. This is due Azerbaijan’s heavy dependence on oil gas industry for its economic growth development since 1995. While revenues from mineral resources helped overcome extreme poverty increased GDP per capita, macroeconomic stability was shaken by ...

Functional data are generally curves indexed over a time domain, and land-use regression (LUR) is promising spatial technique for generating high-resolution estimation of retrospective long-term air pollutants. We developed methodology the novel functional (FLUR) model, which provides temporal estimations Long-term fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in megacity Tehran, Iran, was used as practical ...