results this review explores the relationship between metabolic syndrome, including all its components, and various ocular conditions such as retinopathy, central retinal artery occlusion, cataract and elevated intraocular pressure. context metabolic syndrome (metabolic syndrome x) is a prevalent cluster of risk factors that include high bmi, hypertension, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. i...

AIM To establish a definitive set of diagnostic criteria in a multicentre European study a selected number of oral and ocular tests were performed on a large number of patients with Sjögrens Syndrome (SS) and controls. The diagnostic accuracy of each test for patients with primary and secondary SS and for controls at different ages, was studied. METHODS Each centre received a clinical chart d...

The Fanconi Syndrome is a generalized proximal tubule defect leading to urinary wasting of many solutes such as glucose, amino-acids, phosphates and bicarbonates that results in polyuria, growth failure and resistant rickets(l,2). It is an. uncommon tubulopathy and is usually secondary to a systemic disease, metabolic disorder or drug toxicity. Of the 40 inherited tubulopathies seen at our neph...

Turner syndrome has multiple comorbidities such as osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes, hypothyroidism, and hypertension. As they are treatable conditions in Turner syndrome, early recognition and proper treatment should be needed. We report on a 23-year-old woman with Turner syndrome who presented with severe osteoporosis and hypercalcemia. Laboratory tests showed elevated levels of serum calcium ...

A 29-year-old woman presented with a known nephrocalcinosis that had developed nine years earlier. Her past medical history was remarkable for a cardiac arrest secondary to a profound hypokalaemia (1.7 mEq/L) in the post-operative period following a complicated appendicular peritonitis at 19 years of age. Her on-going treatment included potassium citrate supplementation and increased fluid inta...

BACKGROUND Antenatal screening has the capacity to detect more than 90% of Down's syndrome pregnancies leading to therapeutic abortion. Successes in recent years with such so-called 'secondary' prevention have not been matched with progress in primary prevention. Despite considerable research over many decades the principle cause of the disorder is unknown. METHODS This paper considers three ...