agricultural prices have a high fluctuation and forecasting may help decision making effectively. the aim of this study was to forecast the nominal and real prices of sugar beet and to recognize the appropriate forecasting model. initially the stationary of the series was tested. in order to investigate whether the series are stochastic, the nonparametric test of vald-wulfowitz and parametric t...

This report surveys important results in the literature on the problem of hedging contingent claims in incomplete markets. Consider a probability space (Ω,F , P ) and let X be a stochastic process describing the fluctuation of the stock price. Given a contingent claim H, the problem is to find an “optimal” admissible trading strategy, which is a dynamic porfolio of stock and bond (with fixed pr...

Dynamic pricing is a pricing strategy where a firm adjust the price for their products and services as a function of its perceived demand at different times. In this paper, we show how Evolutionary algorithms (EA) can be used to analyse the effect of demand uncertainty in dynamic pricing. The experiments are conducted in a range of dynamic pricing problems considering a number of different stoc...

Using Trades and Quotes data from the Paris stock market, we show that the random walk nature of traded prices results from a very delicate interplay between two opposite tendencies: strongly correlated market orders that lead to super-diffusion (or persistence), and mean reverting limit orders that lead to sub-diffusion (or anti-persistence). We define and study a model where the price, at any...

in the market for factors of production usually the equilibrium will be stablished on the based of the equality between the value of marginal products of output and their relative price level. on the other hand the value of marginal product of output is a function of observed rate productivity of output and the market capacity of factors of production. thus the fluctuation in the rate of produc...