A poor validation strategy will compromise the quality of satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) products because confidence limits cannot be quantified. This paper addresses the question of how to provide the best operational strategy to validate satellite-derived skin sea surface temperature (SSTskin) measurements. High quality in situ observations obtained using different state-of-t...

in desert areas high temperature and low precipitation limit growth and development of plants. under this circumstances wind becomes the most important erosion and transportation factor in these areas. there are four great sand masses in the central part of dasht-e-kavir namely rig-e-jen, rig-e-sargardan (shotori or halvan), rig-e-kharturan, and rig-e- chah-e-jam. these great sandy masses show ...

for most things to develop their full capacity and prove their suitability or lack of it. A lot can go wrong. Trees that cast a large area of shade for smaller subjects or come into conflict with others through overcrowding ought to have been given more room or perhaps put to the east side when they should have been put to the west to protect others from the prevailing wind. But if one assumes ...

The mid-Pliocene warm period is a recent warm geological period that shares similarities with predictions of future climate. It is generally held the mid-Pliocene Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation must have been stronger, to explain a weak Atlantic meridional δ(13)C gradient and large northern high-latitude warming. However, climate models do not simulate such stronger Atlantic Meridi...

Spiral eddies were first seen in the sun glitter on the Apollo Mission 30 years ago; they have since been recorded on SAR missions and in the infrared. The spirals are globally distributed, 10—25 km in size and overwhelmingly cyclonic. They have not been explained. Under light winds favorable to visualization, linear surface features with high surfactant density and low surface roughness are of...