A second problem in analogical reasoning, addressed for instance by Holyoak [7] and Gentner [5], is to choose from a variety of possible analogical mappings. As we shall show, solution-relevant abstractions can be exploited for this task as well. A third non-trivial job in the analogy procedure is to determine the reformulations (adaptations) of problems and solutions. To some extent the proofr...

1. Biological invasion can permanently alter ecosystem structure and function. Invasive species are difficult to eradicate, so methods for constraining invasions would be ecologically valuable. We examined the potential of ecological restoration to constrain invasion of an old field by Agropyron cristatum , an introduced C 3 grass. 2. A field experiment was conducted in the northern Great Plain...

Fisher information places a bound on the error (variance) in estimating a parameter. The nervous system, however, often has to estimate the value of a variable on different occasions over a range of parameter values (such as light intensities or motor forces). We explore the optimal way to distribute Fisher information across a range of forces. We consider the simple integral of Fisher informat...

Background and Objective: Male breast carcinoma (MBC) is an unusual form of neoplasia, representing 0.7 to 1 percent of all breast cancer cases. Usually, the carcinoma affects patients after the sixth decade. The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) and prognostic factors (p53 and Her-2/neu) in a series of male patients with breast canc...

Study of human executive function focuses on our ability to represent cognitive rules independently of stimulus or response modality. However, recent findings suggest that executive functions cannot be modularized separately from perceptual and motor systems, and that they instead scaffold on top of motor action selection. Here we investigate whether patterns of motor demands influence how part...

Recent theory has suggested that sympatric speciation can occur quite easily when individuals that are ecologically similar mate assortatively. Although many of these models have assumed that individuals have equal mating success, in nature rare phenotypes may often suffer decreased mating success. Consequently, assortative mating may often generate stabilizing sexual selection. We show that th...

Airborne volcanic ash advisories are currently based on analyses of satellite imagery with relatively low temporal resolution, and numerical simulations of atmospheric plume dispersion. These simulations rely on key input parameters such as the maximum height of eruption plumes and the mass eruption rate at the vent, which remain loosely constrained. In this study, we present a proof-of-concept...