International construction companies have settled in Africa and especially Nigeria, to compete for infrastructural projects, in a bid to extend their services across their borders. The trans-border extension of the services offered by these international multi-nationals exposes them to the political risk factors pertinent with the host country. In order to survive the harsh realities of the po...

following the collapse of the soviet :union: and the discovery of gas and oil in central asia and caucasia, it faced complex interests in the international political economy. these problems were mainly rooted in developing plans of the countries for increasing their influence in the area and also in russia's connections with the iranian and turkish governments in the region. this paper inv...

the precise understanding of the concept of political freedom and its kinds without a special attention to its elements and principles is impossible. therefore, in this article after, analysing the elements and principles of political freedom, the author has tried to introduce a brief analysis of this concept. his analytical approach is based on mac callum's. accordingly, political freedom...

transnational organized crime is one of the most problematic matters for international community in 21st century. these crimes are committed by organized criminal groups consisting of three or more persons, a unique leadership and strict discipline with cruel sanctions in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit. commission of the crimes nationally and inte...

Many theoretical approaches to Europeanization of EU applicant states portray the process as top-down: governing elites in applicant states conform to EU conditions, constituents provide a permissive consensus and all applicant states converge toward a single EU model. Such approaches direct less attention to how Europeanization is a dynamic, contradictory and contestable process. This case stu...

Vesicle availability partly determines the efficacy of synaptic communication in the CNS. The authors recently found that some hippocampal glutamate vesicles exhibit reluctance to exocytose during short, high-frequency action potential trains. These same vesicles can be "coaxed" into exocytosis by increased Ca(2+)entry, by direct depolarization of synaptic terminals, or by challenge with hypert...