Plants exist in a world filled with microorganism. They continue to grow in the same location throughout the growing season or for many years, as in the case of perennial plants. Their surfaces are constantly exposed to bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and possibly parasitic plants. They may be inoculated with viruses during feeding by insects or by other vectors. Plant pathogens have made many adap...

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the rhizosphere bacteria that can enhance plant growth by a wide variety of mechanisms like phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, biological nitrogen fixation, rhizosphere engineering, production of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC), quorum sensing (QS) signal interference and inhibition of biofilm formation, phytohormo...