Oil and gas pipelines are pressure vessels with steel walls operating at up to 70% of their yield strength. They need to be inspected rigorously to avoid failure and for environmental safety reasons. Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) is the most cost effective technique for in-service corrosion inspection ofburied gas pipelines [1]. In this method, the pipe wall is magnetized to near-saturation using...

If ground subsidence or seismic load acts on piping that includes bent pipes, the highest stress often occurs not in a straight section but in a bent section. The author has therefore developed a method of estimating the stress generated by a change in diameter by adding an equation for the diameter change and bending moment to the bent pipe stress calculation equations proposed by Rodabaugh an...

abstract introduction: smoking is one of the sanitary problems in world today. increasing smoking of cigarette and other tobacco products has concerned health managers and community responsible. in recent decades, smoking has increased specially in developing countries and the smokers are adding every year. the objective of this study is determination of smoking prevalence and its distribution ...

This study aims to provide a better understanding of recently identified transition scenarios exhibited by traveling wave solutions in pipe flow. This particular family of solutions are invariant under certain reflectional symmetry transformations and they emerge from saddle-node bifurcations within a two-dimensional parameter space characterized by the length of the pipe and the Reynolds numbe...