Network Mobility (NEMO) is concerned with managing the mobility of an entire network and included one or more Mobile Routers (MRs) which are connected as gateways to the Internet. This paper proposes the optimal handoff decision mechanisms, not only avoiding the ‘ping-pong effect’ and frequent handoffs, but also reducing handoff latency under multi-hop network mobility. The simulation results d...

Earlier static ID and Password are used which is vulnerable against eavesdropping and replay attack. To overcome this problem One Time Password technique is used which give different password each time. Earlier OTP is HOTP which is based on one way hash function SHA-1 and Ping Pong-128 stream cipher. In this paper we propose a method of generating OTP by using Genetic Algorithm with Elliptic Cu...

GSM & EDGE base-stations require synthesizers that can frequency hop over the full 75MHz TX or RX band in < 10us and also have very low phase noise and spurious. To date, these conflicting requirements can only be accomplished using a costly "ping-pong" architecture where one synthesizer is locking to the next desired frequency while the other is active as the LO. The proposed fast switching sy...

To prevent active attack, an one-way quantum identity authentication scheme is proposed by employing mechanism of ping-pong protocol and property of quantum controlled-NOT gate. It can verify the user’s identity as well as distribute an updated key as the authentication key. Analytical results show the proposed scheme is secure under general individual attack. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights re...