Process tracing is a fundamental tool of qualitative analysis. This method is often invoked by scholars who carry out within-case analysis based on qualitative data, yet frequently it is neither adequately understood nor rigorously applied. This deficit motivates this article, which offers a new framework for carrying out process tracing.The reformulation integrates discussions of process traci...

Subpopulations of thymus-derived T lymphocytes bearing receptors for either IgM or IgG molecules were isolated from human peripheral blood. Those with receptors for IgM (T.M) provided help in a cell dose-dependent fashion for the pokeweed mitogen-induced differentiation of B lymphocytes in vitro, whereas cells with receptors for IgG (T.G) did not. T.G cells, on the hand, efficiently suppressed ...

Chronic kidney disease alters the immune response in humans and dogs and it is thought to be one of the causes of immunosuppression in cats. Haematological, biochemical, and immunological examinations were performed on blood samples obtained from 20 cats with chronic kidney disease, and were compared with the results of 18 healthy cats. In cats with chronic kidney disease, statistically signifi...

Previous investigations have shown that the teratocarcinoma line PCC3/A/1 is able to differentiate in vitro to produce red blood cells of the primitive hemopoietic cell population of the mouse embryo. The present paper demonstrates the presence in the same cultures of multipotential cells capable of giving rise to colonies containing erythrocytes, macrophages, and megakaryocytes when stimulated...

Skilled reaching is a complex movement in which a forelimb is extended to grasp food for eating. Video-recordings analysis of control rats enables us to distinguish several components of skilled reaching: Orient, approaching the front wall of the reaching box and poking the nose into the slot to locate the food pellet; Transport, advancing the forelimb through the slot to reach-grasp the pellet...

Introduction Global climate is a result of the complex interactions between the atmosphere, cryosphere (ice), hydrosphere (oceans), lithosphere (land), and biosphere (life), fueled by the non-uniform spatial distribution of incoming solar radiation. We know from climate reconstructions using recorders such as ice cores, ocean and lake sediment cores, tree rings, corals, cave deposits, and groun...

A protein A-hemolytic plaque assay was applied to detect immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cells in horse peripheral blood, using pokeweed mitogen as a B lymphocyte activator. A maximum number of Ig-secreting cells was obtained when horse peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in a medium containing horse serum. The number of Ig-secreting cells in young horses (2 years old) was lower than that ...

The presence of phytohemagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen in cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in agar is known to stimulate the formation of lymphoid colonies. We now report that similar colonies can be induced in the absence of plant lectins upon addition of filtered and ultracentrifuged conditioned medium (CM) obtained from certain human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Colony form...

Differential Optical Transfer Function (dOTF) is an image-based non-iterative technique for measuring the complex pupil field. The technique relies on the difference between two PSF images when a small modification is introduced near the pupil’s edge. The nature of the modification is of minor importance and can consist of a transmission blockage or a phase shift introduced by poking a single D...

The purified human immunodeficiency virus type-l (HIV-l) Tat protein inhibited lymphocyte proliferation induced by tetanus toxoid or Candida antigens by 66 to 97% at nanomolar concentrations of Tat. In contrast, Tat did not cause a significant reduction of lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen. Inhibition was blocked by oxidation of the ...