Lectin binding sites on the surface of Meloidogyne incognita Races 1, 2, 3, and 4; M. javanica; M. arenaria Races 1 and 2; and M. hapla Races A and B were determined with lectins conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate or colloidal gold. The amphidial exudate, which was demonstrated histochemically to contain carbohydrate, was the principal binding site. Some lectins also bound to the external...

of Backgammon Race Equities Michael Buro NEC Research Institute 4 Independence Way Princeton NJ 08540, USA Abstract This article presents e cient equity approximations for backgammon races based on statistical analyses. In conjunction with a 1{ply search the constructed evaluation functions allow a program to play short races almost perfectly with regard to checker{play as well as doubling cube...

With an eye on the sequence of two Indian papers concurrently published in Diabetes Therapy, this paper analyzes skin differences among races and points to a lack of organized structured education sessions as the main cause of the high prevalence of lipodystrophy (LD) and consequent poor metabolic control. Only half of all insulin-treated patients reach their therapeutic targets worldwide. The ...

EiVTURIA inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., the ascomycetous pathogen of apple scab, Yhas been shown to have adaptations similar to the eight-spored Neurospora species for use in genetic analyses (KEITT and LANGFORD 1941; SHAY and KEITT 1945; KEITT et al. 1948; BOONE and KEITT 1956). I t has, in addition, two very important advantages over Neurospora: 1) I t is pathogenic and can be studied in vivo; and ...

Physiological races of powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) cause different symptoms in eight melon lines. Infection by races 1, 2, and 5 was examined in different melon lines. After a compatible reaction, conidia germination, haustorium initiation from the germ tube, germ tube branching, and sporulation occurred within 12, 24, 48, and 120 h, respectively, and the conidia matured within 240 h. ...

Leaf mold of tomato is caused by the biotrophic fungus Cladosporium fulvum which complies with the gene-for-gene system. The disease was first reported in Japan in the 1920s and has since been frequently observed. Initially only race 0 isolates were reported, but since the consecutive introduction of resistance genes Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5 and Cf-9 new races have evolved. Here we first determined the...

Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae (A. A. Hildebrand) is a fungal stem and root rot-causing pathogen of soybeans. Glycoproteins secreted into the medium of the aseptically cultured fungus have been partially purified by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) precipitation and by column chromatography on norleucine-substituted Sepharose 4B and on DEAE-cellulose. Glycoprotein preparations from P. megasperma var. sojae ...

Once having classified an NP-hard problem fixed-parameter tractable with respect to a certain parameter, the race for the most efficient fixed-parameter algorithm starts. Herein, the attention usually focuses on improving the running time factor exponential in the considered parameter, and, in case of kernelization algorithms, to improve the bound on the kernel size. Both from a practical as we...

The various modes of failure of asynchronous sequential logic circuits due to timing problems are considered. These are hazards, critical races and metastable states. It is shown that there is a mechanism common to all forms of hazards and to metastable states. A similar mechanism, with added complications, is shown to characterize critical races. Means for defeating various types of hazards an...