A puzzle has emerged from studies examining the wage effects of sexual orientation for women. Although lesbian and bisexual women face discrimination in the labor market, most studies of the wages of female full-time workers in same-sex couples versus those in different-sex couples find that the lesbians earn more, even controlling for differences in present labor market supply, education, year...

OBJECTIVE Age-disparate sexual relationships with older men may drive high rates of HIV acquisition in young women in sub-Saharan Africa, but evidence is limited. We investigate the association between age-disparate relationships and HIV incidence in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. DESIGN A general-population open-cohort study (six surveys) (1998-2013). METHODS A total of 3746 young women aged 15-24 ...

BACKGROUND Early detection and treatment of STI/HIV are public health priorities. Our objective was to compare characteristics of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Dutch data available in 2010 from EMIS, an international internet survey, Schorer Monitor, a Dutch internet survey, and data from STI- clinic visits, since these might be subject to different and unknown biases. METHODS Data from ...

This essay explores the contributions to the organization of neuronal microcircuits in the cerebral cortex by Rafael Lorente de Nó, a renowned disciple of Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Lorente de Nó was impressed by the advances in functional parcellation of the cerebral cortex, and wished to find an anatomical correlate, not in cytoarchitectonic charts but in the fine details of neurons and (soon) o...

Daily cycles of rest and activity are a common example of circadian control of physiology. In Drosophila, rhythmic locomotor cycles rely on the activity of 150-200 neurons grouped in seven clusters [1, 2]. Work from many laboratories points to the small ventral lateral neurons (sLNvs) as essential for circadian control of locomotor rhythmicity [3-7]. sLNv neurons undergo circadian remodeling of...

Cortical information processing at the cellular level has predominantly been studied in local networks, which are dominated by strong vertical connectivity between layers. However, recent studies suggest that the bulk of axons targeting pyramidal neurons most likely originate from outside this local range, emphasizing the importance of horizontal connections. We mapped a subset of these connect...

Light reaching the retina of the eye enables us to form images of our environment. A much older evolutionary benefit of light, though only recognized as important for humans in the past half a century, is that its 24-h irradiance profile informs the biological clock of the brain. The brain exploits this nonimageforming (NIF) information to optimally synchronize and prepare physiology and behavi...

BACKGROUND Studies on the association between partners' controlling behaviors and intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) in Uganda are limited. The aim of this paper was to investigate the association between IPSV and partners' controlling behaviors among married women in Uganda. METHODS We used the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) data, and selected a weighted sample of 1,30...

BACKGROUND China has a large migrant population, including many young unmarried women. Little is known about their sexual behavior, contraceptive use, and risk of unintended pregnancy. METHODS 475 unmarried female migrants aged 15-24, working in 1 of 6 factories in 2 districts of Changzhou city, completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire in May 2012 on demographic characteristics,...

PURPOSE The current study examined the association between formal and non-formal virginity pledges and the initiation of genital play, oral sex, and vaginal intercourse among adolescents. METHODS Logistic regressions controlling for age, gender, race, expectancies, academic achievement, contraceptive education, perceived peer pledging behavior, and parental and peer attitudes were conducted t...