Over any discrete memoryless channel, we build codes such that: for one, their block error probabilities and code rates scale like random codes'; two, encoding decoding complexities polar codes'. Quantitatively, constants $\pi,\rho>0$ that $\pi+2\rho<1$, construct a sequence of correction with length $N$ approaching infinity, probability $\exp(-N^\pi)$, rate $N^{-\rho}$ less than the Shannon ca...

Infancy researchers often use highly simplified, animated, or otherwise artificial stimuli to study infant’s understanding of abstract concepts including “causality” even “prosociality”. The these simplified have led questions about the validity resulting empirical findings. Do effectively communicate infants? Even if they do, why not more like what infants encounter in their everyday lives? He...

The objective of this study is to create building damage hazard zonation area using fuzzy kohonen clustering network (FKCN) for physical parameter data clustering and inverse distance weighting (IDW) for data interpolation in Banda Aceh city, Indonesia. IDW algorithm is used alongside FKCN because of its simplicity. The physical parameter in this study consists of lithology, topographic zone an...

Shortest paths are not always simple. In planar networks, they can be very different from those with the smallest number of turns--the simplest paths. The statistical comparison of the lengths of the shortest and simplest paths provides a non trivial and non local information about the spatial organization of these graphs. We define the simplicity index as the average ratio of these lengths and...

CONSIDERABLE UNCERTAINTY existed regarding the magnitude of pulmonary dead space in the immediate post-World War II era. The dead space concept was originated by Bohr (2), who viewed total ventilation as composed of two distinct, but homogeneous, components—alveolar ventilation that participated fully in gas exchange and dead space ventilation in which no respiratory exchange occurred. With kno...

The second language acquisition (SLA) literatureover the past 30 yearshas seen miscellaneous interpretations and applications of the term ‘fossilisation’. This, on the one hand, is a sign of improvement in the general understanding of the theoretical construct. On the other hand, however, the lack of uniformity in interpretation and application creates confusion, which can be counterproductive ...

In settings such as investing for retirement or choosing a drug plan, individuals face a staggering number of options. In this paper, we analyze how an abundance of options influences which alternative is selected. We present both laboratory experiments and field data that confirm our theoretical prediction: larger choice sets induce a stronger preference for simple, easy-to-understand options....

In certain statistical learning problems, a policy of choosing simpler rules that account fairly well for data is likely to have less error on new cases than a policy of choosing complex rules that have less error on the data. The relevant kind of simplicity is not to be measured in terms of the number of parameters needed to specify a given member of a class of rules but might be measured in t...