Data collection in shallow water areas presents several challenges to the scientist. In addition to being redundant and time consuming, this task when performed manually has a high probability of disturbing the test area. Obstacles that are encountered in such environments include difficulty in covering large territories and the presence of inaccessible areas due to a variety of reasons, such a...

We explore the effect of contamination of intermediate redshift Type Ia supernova samples by Type Ibc supernovae. Simulating observed samples of Ia and mixed Ibc/Ia populations at a range of redshifts for an underlying cosmological concordance model (Ωm = 0.27, ΩΛ = 0.73), we find that even small contamination levels, 2− 5% may bias the derived ΩΛ and Ωm towards larger values. We thus emphasize...

law. This legislation clarifies the Superfund Act to ensure that the product of scrap recycling is not subject to Superfund liability if certain standards are met. S. 607 does not exempt from Superfund liability recyclers who operate contaminated facilities. Nor does it exempt from Superfund contamination caused in whole or in part by waste generated during the course of processing recycled mat...

ated. Candida albicans was grown both in the presence and absence of Cadmium were plotted to study the growth pattern of the yeast isolate. It concentration of cadmium. The organism was found to be metals from the environmental The inorganic minerals like sodium, etc., when present above the permissible limit are harmful. -scale contamination of gravity that is 5 or more times that of water are...

Using the effective Lagrangian for the low energy photon-photon interaction the lowest order photon self energy at finite temperature and in nonequilibrium is calculated within the real time formalism. The Debye mass, the dispersion relation, the dielectric tensor, and the velocity of light following from the photon self energy are discussed. As an application we consider the interaction of pho...

the cancer of oral cavity is related to lesions of mucous membrane of tongue and gum that can be treated with radiation therapy. a lateral photon field can be used to treat this kind of tumor, which has a side‑effect on normal tissue in the opposite side of the oral cavity. in this study the dosimetric effect of the various shields in oral cavity is evaluated. in this study, a special phantom s...

introduction : due to the importance of laser light penetration and propagation in biological tissues, many researchers have proposed several numerical methods such as monte carlo, finite element and green function methods. among them, the monte carlo method is an accurate method which can be applied for different tissues. however, because of its statistical nature, monte carlo simulation requi...

introduction: the photoelectric attenuation coefficient of substances is known to depend upon the energy e of the photon and the effective atomic number of substances (zeff) as (zeff x /e y ).  no definitive values about these indices x, y are given in the literature. the index x is said to lie between, 3.0 and 4.0, while for ‘y’ different values have been assigned, between 3.0 and 4.0. methodo...

background: radiation shielding properties is an important for a material wish can be used the photon attenuation coefficients of clay produced using different rate of boron have been measured for the purpose of radioactive waste disposal. materials and methods: the measurement has been performed using gamma spectrometer contains nai (tl) detector at the photon energies of 662, 1173 and 1332 ke...