a large number of studies dealing with phonology have focused their attention on phonological production at the expense of phonological perception which provides the foundation stone for phonological production. this study focuses on phonological perception at phonemic level. the purpose of the study is helping beginning learners improve their perception of the english phonemes which are confus...

To investigate whether processing fluency or cognitive control processes underlie aging-related positivity effects in memory, we compared retrieval of words on a fluency task, and of events on an autobiographical task, in younger and older adults. No positivity effect in word output was found on the fluency task, though older adults output more neutral words. For our autobiographical task, part...

objectives: phonemic awareness skills have a significant impact on children speech and language. the purpose of this study was investigating the phonemic awareness skills of children with cochlear implant and normal hearing peers in primary school. methods: phonemic awareness subscales of phonological awareness test were administered to 30 children with cochlear implantation at the first to six...

computer-assisted language learning (call) is reaching an up most position in the pedagogical field of english as a second or foreign language (esl/efl). the present study was carried out to study the effect of using phonetic websites on iranian efl students’ pronunciation and knowledge of phonemic symbols. participants of the study included 30 efl female pre-intermediate students studying in k...

In today’s society, it is absolutely critical that every child has the fullest opportunities to become an accomplished re a d e r. Anyone unable to read and write p ro f i c i e n t l y faces enormous social, personal, and economic limitations in today’s complex, information-flooded world. There is widespre a d a g reement that the reading demands are gre a t e r now than at any previous time i...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Controversial evidence suggests that music can enhance cognitive performance. In the present study, we examined whether listening to an excerpt of Vivaldi's "Four Seasons" had a positive effect on older adults' cognitive performance in two working memory tasks. METHODS With a repeated-measures design, older adults were presented with the forward version of the digit span a...

BACKGROUND The type of postoperative cognitive decline after surgery under spinal anesthesia is unknown. We investigated the type of postoperative cognitive decline after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Neuropsychological testing was conducted and the changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers after surgery were evaluated. METHODS Fifteen patients who required bilateral TKA at a 1-week in...