As optical communications systems begin to fill the available bandwidth in an optical fiber by transmitting either 40 Gb/s on 200 GHz channel spacings or 10 Gb/s on 50 GHz channel spacings, the optical phase response of the components deployed in the systems will need to be carefully controlled. The dominant method of obtaining this optical phase measurement is commonly called the modulation ph...

Phase-shifting digital holography is a digital measurement technology of a complex optical field profile that uses focal plane array detectors without the loss of bandwidth. It has been known that the accuracy of phase-shifting digital holography is limited mainly by the phase tolerance of reference. In this Letter, it is revealed that the uncertainty in an expected signal is highly dependent o...

A microcomputer-controlled measuring instrument for phase angle measurement in low frequency range is described. It is based on the digital measurement of the time shift between input signals. To avoid the necessity of calculation of the measured phase shift, measurement of the time shift is repeated during a constant time interval to get the average value of the phase shift independent on the ...

Code pseudorange measurement noise is one of the major error sources in Precise Point Positioning. A recursive least-squares solution with proper functional and stochastic modelling would help to exploit in addition the ultra high precision of the carrier phase measurement. Analyses of different methods, including phase smoothed, phase connected and phase adjusted pseudorange algorithm, will sh...

We analyze the crosstalk error mechanism in measurement of two capacitively coupled superconducting flux-biased phase qubits. The damped oscillations of the superconducting phase after the measurement of the first qubit may significantly excite the second qubit, leading to its measurement error. The first qubit, which is highly excited after the measurement, is described classically. The second...

background: the early stage of copper poisoning is difficult to be clinically diagnosed in sheep and has not been documented clearly yet. objectives: to assess biomarkers in predicting early copper poisoning in sheep, blood samples were collected from several groups of animals from a naturally copper poisoning occurrence in an industrial region. methods: animals were divided into four experimen...

In Three-dimensional (3-D) image measurement field, pattern projection measurement methods based on the image intensity analysis are expected, because those can detect more numbers of stripes order by single projection. However, in the case when the intensity difference between stripes is narrow, the detecting of stripes order becomes difficult.In order to improve the detection accuracy of stri...

Due to the important relationship between ultrasonic velocity and some properties of sample, the measurement of velocity of ultrasound is widely needed in various fields. In this paper, based on phase-locked loop technique, a new hybrid circuit is designed for ultrasonic velocity measurement and named as UV-PLL. In order to improve the stability of phase and achieve the ability of fast locking,...