Potent but safe adjuvants are required to circumvent the many limitations of the newborn immune system to induce rapidly effective and long lasting immunity to subunit vaccines. By the use of pattern recognition receptors, antigen-presenting cells (APC) can very efficiently be activated by "danger" motifs expressed by various pathogens. APC activated by "danger" motifs, such as immunostimulator...

Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to improve their immunogenicity. Used for more than 80 years, aluminum, the first adjuvant in human vaccines, proved insufficient to develop vaccines that could protect against new challenging pathogens such as HIV and malaria. New adjuvants and new combinations of adjuvants (Adjuvant Systems) have opened the door to the delivery of improved and new va...

The advent of mass vaccination has saved millions of human lives and revolutionized the quality of life. Vaccination is currently one of the most cost effective ways of managing healthcare costs in both emerging and developed countries. Despite the long vaccine history and success, design and development of efficacious and safe vaccines has been traditionally semi-empirical. This is mainly due ...

Abstract Adjuvants drive the efficacy of many vaccines, however, they also elicit undesirable inflammation which is commonly pyrogenic resulting in local or systemic increases temperature. Based on this, we envisioned that inversely coupling adjuvant potency to small (~2 °C) temperature changes could be a uniquely effective approach balance while maintaining safety and tolerability. Here report...

1 Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K. Division of Biomedical Engineering, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK Laboratoire de Modélisation Mathématiques et Simulation Numérique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji-Mokhtar, BP 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria Depar...

An adenosine-assimilating bacterium, Klebsiella sp. strain LF1202, inducibly formed a novel nucleoside phosphorylase which acted on both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides when the cells were cultured in medium containing adenosine as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The enzyme was purified (approximately 83-fold, with a 17% activity yield) to the homogeneous state by polyacrylamide gel ele...

BACKGROUND Nitroaromatic and chloronitroaromatic compounds have been a subject of great interest in industry and recently in medical-pharmaceutic field. 2-Chloro-4-nitro/2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acids and 4-nitrobenzoic acid are promising new agents for the treatment of main infectious killing diseases in the world: immunodeficiency diseases and tuberculosis. RESULTS New ethanolamine nitro/chl...

Biological and most of all immunological effects of natural immunomodulator glucan are already well established. However, since hundreds of individual glucans, isolated from various sources, used at different concentrations and having different physicochemical characteristics are being used, the current scientific knowledge is not complete. In addition, direct comparisons of individual glucans ...

Adjuvants mayimprove control efficiency of volunteer RR® corn with ACCase inhibiting herbicides. Thus, the aim this study was to evaluate effects adjuvant addition herbicides clethodim and quizalofop, on surface tension, spray deposition control. The tension (96 g a.i. ha-1) quizalofop (60 without a mineral oil, vegetable oil an organosilicon evaluated at concentrations 0.01; 0.05; 0.1; 0.5; 1....