Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes cancer progression by affecting cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and the immune response. It has been reported that PGE2 is transported or passes through the cell membrane via prostaglandin-specific transporters including the prostaglandin transporter (PGT, an influx transporter) and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (an efflux transporte...

Prostaglandin (PG) E2, a major product of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, acts as an immunomodulator at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy. It exerts biologic function through interaction with E-prostanoid (EP) receptors localized to the placenta. The activation of the COX-2/PGE2/EP signal pathway can alter the expression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, multidrug resistance p...

This study was designed to determine the roles of the sympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in mediating pressor and plasma activity (PRA) responses to intraventricularly (ICV) administered prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in conscious rats. The ICV PGE2 elevated blood pressure and caused increases in PRA, plasma AVP, and plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine. The p...

The influence of the fungoid undecapeptide cyclosporin A (CyA) on PGE2 release from cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells was investigated in this study. We found that CyA time and concentration dependently (ED50:500 ng/ml) inhibited PGE2 release from the cells. CyA attenuated both basal and PGE2 release evoked by angiotensin II (10(-10)-10(-6) M), arginine vasopressin (10(-10)-10(-6) M) and ...

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important modulator of cytokine-driven inflammation. Using GeneChip analysis, we found that interleukin (IL)-1β induces the gene expression of PTGER4, which encodes the PGE2 receptor subtype EP4 (PGE2EP4). This subtype is one of four PGE2 receptors occurring in synoviocyte MH7A cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed a corresponding upregulation in the produc...

The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an important metabolite of arachidonic acid, were studied on the activity of nicotinic AChR channels in cultured chick sympathetic ganglion neurons. In whole cell recordings, PGE2 (25 nM) inhibited significantly the ACh-evoked macroscopic current. In cell-attached patch recordings, PGE2 significantly inhibited single AChR channel currents as a result of a...

A large body of clinical, genetic, and biochemical evidence indicates that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme for prostanoid biosynthesis, contributes to the promotion of colorectal cancer. COX-2-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the most abundant prostaglandin found in several gastrointestinal malignancies. Although PGE2 enhances intestinal adenoma growth in Apcmin mice, the mechanism(s) ...

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays an important role in bone development and metabolism. To interfere therapeutically in the PGE2 pathway, however, knowledge about the involved enzymes (cyclooxygenases) and receptors (PGE2 receptors) is essential. We therefore examined the production of PGE2 in cultured growth plate chondrocytes in vitro and the effects of exogenously added PGE2 on cell proliferatio...

BACKGROUND Recently, intra-articular botulinum toxin A (IA BoNT A) has been shown to reduce joint pain in osteoarthritic dogs. Similar results have been reported in human patients with arthritis. However, the mechanism of the antinociceptive action of IA BoNT A is currently not known. The aim of this study was to explore this mechanism of action by investigating the effect of IA BoNT A on synov...