BACKGROUND As part of an ongoing medical surveillance program for U.S. veterans exposed to depleted uranium (DU), biological monitoring of urine uranium (U) concentrations is offered to any veteran of the Gulf War and those serving in more recent conflicts (post-Gulf War veterans). OBJECTIVES Since a previous report of surveillance findings in 2004, an improved methodology for determination o...

Comprehensive explanation about milk oversupply is not available in the current literature because few studies have been done on this topic. In traditional Persian medicine, milk oversupply and its management have been described. The aim of this study was to investigate milk oversupply from the perspective of medieval Persian practitioners. In this study, some main medical resources of traditio...

Prospect theory is an influential psychological theory that describes how individuals make decisions involving risk. One of its key findings is that decision-makers are risk averse when in a ―domain of gain‖ (when they have experienced success), and risk acceptant when in a ―domain of loss‖ (when they have experienced setbacks). In this paper, I use prospect theory to examine George H. W. Bush’...

BACKGROUND The Iran-Iraq war (1980 to 1988) was one of the longest wars of the twentieth century. Few studies are available in the current literature evaluating the long-term results of proximal lower-extremity war-related amputations. The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to evaluate the current health-related quality of life and clinical musculoskeletal function of Iranian vete...

The awesome technological marvels of laser-guided munitions and rocketry riveted everyone's attention during the recent Persian Gulf War. Yet, an aspect of the war that received comparatively little media attention was the constant battle waged against potential disease vectors by preventive medicine personnel from the coalition forces. The extraordinarily small number of casualties suffered in...

Gulf War Syndrome and Gulf War Illnesses (GWI) are terms that have been used to describe a collection of chronic signs and symptoms reported by U.S., British, Canadian, Czech, Danish, Saudi, Egyptian, Syrian, Moroccan and other Coalition Armed Forces that were deployed to Operation Desert Storm (ODS) in 1991. Over 100,000 American veterans of Desert Storm/Shield (approximately 15% of deployed U...

BACKGROUND There are no prospective cohort studies of prognostic factors on the outcome of Gulf War veterans. We aimed to test the hypotheses that Gulf War veterans who were older; had more severe symptoms; had more exposures during deployment; had increased psychological distress and believed they had 'Gulf War syndrome' would experience greater fatigue and poorer physical functioning at follo...

BACKGROUND Gulf War veterans have a number of health complaints. We therefore decided to carry out a systematic review to identify and summarize the findings from studies that have assessed multi-symptom conditions in Gulf War veterans and in an unexposed comparison group. METHOD Studies published between January 1990 and May 2004 were identified by searching a large number of electronic data...

Symptom-based conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and medically unexplained multi-symptom illness (MSI) are fairly common in the general population and are also important veteran's health concerns due to their higher frequency among U.S. veterans who served during the 1990-1991 Gulf War. CFS, MSI, and other symptom-based conditions are often associated with considerable morbidity ...

BACKGROUND Despite more than a decade of extensive, international efforts to characterize and understand the increased symptom and illness-reporting among veterans of the 1991 Gulf War, concern over possible long-term health effects related to this deployment continue. The purpose of this study was to describe the long-term hospitalization experience of the subset of U.S. Gulf War veterans stil...