we propose RACE, a report-based payment scheme for multihop wireless networks to stimulate node cooperation, regulate packet transmission, and enforce fairness. The nodes submit lightweight payment reports (instead of receipts) to the accounting center (AC) and temporarily store undeniable security tokens called Evidences. The reports contain the alleged charges and rewards without security pro...

This paper proposes and analyzes data synchronization techniques that not only resynchronize after encoded bits are corrupted by insertion, deletion or substitution errors, but also produce estimates of the time indices of the decoded data symbols, in order to determine their positions in the original source sequence. The techniques are based on block codes, and the estimates are of the time in...

background and objectives: informal payment in the health settings is a significant challenge facing the health system, with consequences such as inequity in access to healthcare services, distrust to health care system, and dissatisfied customers. detailed identification of the nature of the problem is perquisite to developing relevant overcoming strategies. given that, this study aimed at pro...

nowadays, along with the development of human communities, wildlife has been faced with serious issues even to the estent of a threatening extinction,therefore the role of natural ecosystem preservation for the needed conservartion of wildlife is of crucial importance. estimation of payment willingness is an apparopriate method for an assessment of an individual's interest in wildlife cons...

Abstract: The one-stage credit policy is a situation that arises, under a permissible delay in payments, when the supplier offers a credit period to the retailer, but the latter does not offer any credit period to his/her customers. However, this type of credit policy is debatable in most business transactions. In reality, the retailer also adopts the credit policy to stimulate his/her own dema...

Banking as an essential service can be hard to access in remote, rural regions where the network connectivity is intermittent. Although micro-banking has been made possible by SMS or USSD messages in some places, their security flaws and session-based nature prevent them from a wider adoption. Global level cryptocurrencies enable low-cost, secure and pervasive money transferring among distribut...

In this paper, we have considered an economic order quantity model for deteriorating items with two-level trade credit policy in which a delay in payment is offered by a supplier to a retailer and also an another delay in payment is offered by the retailer to his/her all customers. Here, it is proposed that the demand function is dependent on the length of the customer's credit period and also ...

While developing the inventory model with shortages under permissible delay in payments, it has been observed in the literature that the researchers have not considered the fact that the retailer can earn interest on the revenue generated after fulfilling the outstanding demand as soon as he receives the new consignment at the start of the cycle. Owing to this fact, the present study investigat...

This paper tries to incorporate both Huang s model [Y.F. Huang, Optimal retailer s ordering policies in the EOQ model under trade credit financing, J. Oper. Res. Soc. 54 (2003) 1011–1015] and Teng s model [J.T. Teng, On the economic order quantity under conditions of permissible delay in payments, J. Oper. Res. Soc. 53 (2002) 915–918] by considering the retailer s storage space limited to refle...

This study contributes to the literature on supply chain coordination by coordinating the research and development (R&D) effort, retail price, and inventory decisions. It investigates a real case in the home appliance industry. The main purpose of this study is to examine the optimal values of R&D effort, pricing, and inventory decisions under decentralized and centralized structures. Then, a d...