content discovery is one of the fundamental issues that determines the architecture and performance of content distribution networks based on peer-to-peer (p2p) networks. to administrate the costs and discoveries, peers of a p2p network communicate with each other by one or more overlay layers. the condition of node’s relations in overlay networks, have a great impact in efficiency of networks....

abstract background: advancements in neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) science and technology have increased the survival rate of preterm infants. despite these advances, they are still facing with neurobehavioral problems. noise level in nicu is a potential source of stress for preterm infants. it should be decreased to the standard level as much as possible. the purpose of this study was to...

In this study, the researcher used the many-facet Rasch measurement model (MFRM) to detect two pervasive rater errors among peer-assessors rating EFL essays. The researcher also compared the ratings of peer-assessors to those of teacher assessors to gain a clearer understanding of the ratings of peer-assessors. To that end, the researcher used a fully crossed design in which all peer-assessors ...

The scaffolding metaphor was originally developed to describe the support given by a more expert individual in a one-on-one interaction. Since then, the notion of scaffolding has been applied more broadly, and it has been transformed and generalized. Most recently, it has been used by researchers in the learning sciences to describe features and functions of technological artifacts, especially ...

Streamline-like, free-form features that “flow” on a base shape are often utilized in the design of products ranging from automobiles to everyday consumer products. Providing computational support for the design of such features is challenging, because of the open-endedness of the design explorations involved, and the necessity to rapidly and precisely capture the design intents expressed in ve...

This article discusses the change in the notion of scaffolding from a description of the interactions between a tutor and a student to the design of tools to support student learning in project-based and design-based classrooms. The notion of scaffolding is now increasingly being used to describe various forms of support provided by software tools, curricula, and other resources designed to hel...

Children with language impairment (LI) show an overall immaturity in grammatical structure. This includes difficulties with basic sentence constituents, pronouns, verb form elaboration, negative and interrogative sentences, noun phrase elaboration, and complex sentences. This article describes explicit instruction and scaffolding strategies, based on a review of current research, that can be us...

Alexander P. McCauley,1 M. T. Homer Reid,1,2 Matthias Krüger,1 and Steven G. Johnson3 1Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA 2Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA 3Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, U...

An antidote for reproductive learning is to engage learners in active manipulative), constructive, intentional, complex, authentic, cooperative (collaborative and conversational), and reflective learning activities. Those characteristics are the goal of constructivist learning environments (CLEs). This paper presents a model for designing CLEs, which surround a problem/project/issue/question (i...