The ability of the NP to discern pediatric heart murmurs is critical for accurate assessment of etiology, appropriate diagnostic testing, and prudent referral when indicated. This review includes an overview of cardiac assessment, distinguishing features of innocent and pathologic murmurs, differential diagnosis of murmurs, and current referral recommendations.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is due most often to a parathyroid adenoma secreting parathyroid hormone. Elevated PTH levels cause bone resorption, the formation of polyostotic lesions and a reduction in bone mineral density, predisposing to pathological fractures. The final stage of this disease is osteitis fibrosa cystica. The authors review the literature about osteitis fibrosa cystica and the ...

Here we review the pathologic features of a specialized tumor subset, collectively referred to as neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors arise almost anywhere in the body but many issues regarding their diagnosis and classification remain to be settled. Recent technical improvements, have increased the rate of detection, and have contributed to better diagnosis and classification of these tumors.

Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is a high-resolution ultrasound technique that allows noninvasive in vivo imaging of structural details of the anterior ocular segment at near light microscopic resolution and provides detailed assessment of anterior segment structures, including those obscured by normal anatomic and pathologic relations. This review gives an overview regarding the instrument, tec...

Bronchogenic cysts arising from the stomach are uncommon. We discuss a young female patient with presumed enteric duplication cysts who was found to have three bronchogenic and gastroenteric cysts upon pathologic review. We discuss the pathophysiology of bronchogenic cysts and their malignant potential.

Atherosclerosis represents a spectrum of pathologic lesions with diverse clinical sequelae. In this review, we build upon the paradigm that arteriosclerosis represents an inflammatory disease. By examining mechanisms involved in the response to vascular injury, we can more effectively implement targeted therapy aimed at halting or regressing arteriosclerosis.

The authors review anatomical, clinical characteristics and prevalence of thyroid microcarcinoma. Diagnostic procedures and risk factors of aggressiveness at diagnosis and during follow-up are also covered. The possible clinical, pathologic and therapeutic risk factors are analyzed by meta-analysis study. Treatment procedures by different authors and guidelines suggested by societies are reported.

aim : we aimed to study the expression of cd24 and cd133 in colorectal cancer and normal adjacent tissues to assess a relationship between these markers and clinic-pathological characteristics and patient’s survival. background : cancer stem cells are a group of tumor cells that have regeneration and multi-order differentiation capabilities. patients and methods : expression of cd24 and cd133 w...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Emergent evaluation of the pregnant headache patient requires rational selection of acute neuroimaging studies, yet guidelines do not exist. We investigated the demographic and clinical features that are predictive of intracranial pathologic lesions on neuroimaging studies in pregnant women with emergent headaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective revi...