Conspecific brood parasitism (CBP), defined as parasitic laying of eggs in a conspecific nest without providing parental care, occurs in insects, fishes, amphibians, and many birds. Numerous factors have been proposed to influence the evolution of CBP, including nest site limitation; effects of brood size, laying order, or parasitic status on offspring survival; randomness of parasitic egg dist...

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of egg age and pre-colonization of cysts by a saprophytic or parasitic fungus on parasitism of Heterodera glycines eggs by other parasitic fungi. In agar and in soil tests, fungi generally parasitized more eggs in early developmental stages than eggs containing a juvenile. The effect of pre-colonization of cysts by a fungus on parasitism o...

We undertook a study of the mechanical transmission of parasitic organisms in cockroaches in the Samutprakarn province of Thailand. In this study, 920 cockroaches were obtained from 18 open-air shopping markets in 5 districts and 1 subdistrict of this province. All cockroaches were captured during their feeding time in their natural habitat. Direct wet smear and modified acid-fast bacilli stain...

Infection with parasitic nematodes is characterized by the induction of a profound type 2 immune response. We have studied the role of glycans in the induction of the skewed type 2 response by antigens of the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi as well as the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Lymph node cells from BALB/c mice immunized with soluble extracts of the two nematodes showed d...

How do cooperatively breeding groups resist invasion by parasitic "cheaters," which dump their eggs in the communal nest but provide no parental care [1,2]? Here I show that Greater Anis (Crotophaga major), Neotropical cuckoos that nest in social groups containing several breeding females [3], use a simple rule based on the timing of laying to recognize and reject eggs laid by extragroup parasi...

Obligate avian brood parasites show dramatic variation in the degree to which they are host specialists or host generalists. The screaming cowbird Molothrus rufoaxillaris is one of the most specialized brood parasites, using a single host, the bay-winged cowbird (Agelaioides badius) over most of its range. Coevolutionary theory predicts increasing host specificity the longer the parasite intera...

Tomato is a globally important fruit crop, which easily susceptible to infection by plant-parasitic nematodes during growth. In this study, selenium nanoparticles were biosynthesized through the selenite reduction pathway in wild-type Pseudomonas stutzeri BB19 and characterized uniform nanostructured needle-like forms with an average size of 95.2 nm. The nematicidal effect (BioSeNPs) at differe...

Morphometric parameters are analyzed and systematized of parasitic nematodes the species Trichuris sylvilagi Tiner, 1950, obtained from Lepus europaeus (Pallas, 1778). The following suggested for exact identification female T. nematodes: sizes body, its anterior posterior parts, width body at connection esophagus intestine, specific location vesicular cuticular protrusions vulva. Five metric es...

Article history: Received 2 November 2016 Accepted 2 November 2016 Available online 8 November 2016 and development has become an intense area of research (Zhu et al., 2014), the role of host miRNAs in shaping immune responses against these parasites has been poorly characterized. In a previous study He and coworkers performed a miRNA microarray on livers from S. japonicum-infected mice and ide...

The issue of propagating parasitic insects in artificial food environments has been a challenge for researchers long time. Breeding one Trichogramma insect requires lot grain products and labor, it takes about 40-50 days 55-60 Bracon to reproduce. This study aimed develop technology the vitro reproduction trichogram, which are important entomophages control various agricultural pests. results e...