This paper investigates if IT security is as a part of value creation. The first part of the commentary focuses on the current theoretical conditions for IT security as a part of value creation. Different Return On Security Investment (ROSI) models are studied to investigate if they can calculate value creation with regard either to efficiency or to effectiveness. The second part of the paper i...

Given that one of the children in a two-child family is a boy, what are the chances that the other is also a boy. The intuitive answer is 50 : 50. More careful investigation leads us to a 1-in-3 chance. We investigate circumstances under which these answers are correct. The imposition of further conditions yields some very surprising results. To my sons Owen and Andrew, both born on Tuesday, on...

Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koom, Egypt. Email: [email protected] Abstract We consider a distributed computer system in Wardrop equilibrium, i.e., situations where no user can reduce its own response time by unilaterally choosing another path, if all the other users retain their present paths. The Braess paradox is a famous example of para...

In Newcomb’s paradox you can choose to receive either the contents of a particular closed box, or the contents of both that closed box and another one. Before you choose though, an antagonist uses a prediction algorithm to accurately deduce your choice, and uses that deduction to fill the two boxes in a way that lessens the value of your choice. Newcomb’s paradox is that game theory’s expected ...

Habitat conservation plans (HCPs) are enabled under section 10(a) of the Endangered Species Act. The substantial increase since 1994 in the number of HCPs has motivated numerous critiques of nearly every aspect of HCPs. These critiques have overlooked several paradoxes that expose fundamental shortcomings of section 10(a) or its implementation. I refer to them as: the Trainwreck Paradox, the Je...

The objectives of this review were to determine whether the smoking paradox still exists and to summarize possible explanations for the smoking paradox. Based on published data, we compared the risk of cigarette smoking for lung cancer in Western and Asian countries. We extracted data from the relevant studies about annual tobacco consumption, lung cancer mortality rates according to smoking st...

Free radical scavenging antioxidants, such as quercetin, are chemically converted into oxidation products when they protect against free radicals. The main oxidation product of quercetin, however, displays a high reactivity towards thiols, which can lead to the loss of protein function. The quercetin paradox is that in the process of offering protection, quercetin is converted into a potential ...

Paradoxes are amazing puzzles in philosophy (and mathematics), and they can be interesting when turned into proofs and theorems (in mathematics and logic). For example, Russell's paradox, which collapsed Frege's foundations of mathematics, is now a classical theorem in set theory, and implies that no set of all sets can exist. Or, as another example, the Liar paradox has turned into Tarski's th...

The so-called doctrinal paradox reveals that a jury that decides by majority on the truth of a set of propositions, may come to a conclusion that is at odds with a legal doctrine to which they all subscribe. The doctrinal paradox, and its subesequent generalization by List and Pettit (2003), reveal the logical difficulties of epistemic democracy. This paper presents several generalizations of t...