From the still life with a bowl of fruit to scenes of wildlife in the woods, from Michelangelo’s David to Damien Hirst’s Verity, biology often provides the shapes, forms, colours and concepts that most inspire visual artists to create their own representation of life. Apart from the unique case of Leonardo da Vinci, the scientific and the artistic eye cast on living things have rarely resided i...

The carbon (C) reservoir of wood products in Finnish construction and civil engineering was estimated by three inventories including the years 1980, 1990 and 1995. The inventory method is mainly based on the statistics of Finnish building stock. The use of different construction materials in different parts of buildings is estimated for each building type. Information collected through building...

the limitation of energy resources and its considerable consumption growth in iran has doubled the necessity of optimization and conservation of energy in the country compared to the average consumption rate of energy in the world and also because of high consumption rate's adverse effects in the environment. heating systems are among the main consumers of energy and using a high efficienc...

Didecyl polyoxyethyl ammonium borate (DPAB), also known as Polymeric Betaine, was developed as a co-biocide for chromium-free copper based wood preservatives in Europe in the 1980’s. This paper summarizes the properties of DPAB as a wood preservative. Unique properties related to the betaine nature of DPAB are discussed in terms of the structureproperty relationship. Physical properties of DPAB...

This chapter describes the development of material-specific estimates of changes in forest carbon storage in EPA's Waste Reduction Model (WARM). It summarizes the approach used to estimate changes in forest carbon storage in managed forests resulting from source reduction and recycling of wood and paper products. Forests absorb (i.e., sequester) atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and store it in...

The study of wood diameter is needed for the understanding of wood supply management. This type of approach, which was launched in the 1990s, has improved considerably as radius of curvature measurement has gained in precision through the introduction of new equipment: stereomicroscope equipped with a camera, and image analysis software. This paper focuses on the first step of the wood diameter...

the influence of initial moisture content on wood decay at different levels of atmospheric oxygen concentration was studied. three fungi, coriolus versicolor (c. versicolor) a white rot, coniophora puteana (c. puteana) a brown rot, and chaetomium globosum (c. globosum) a soft rot, were chosen. the mycelia of the fungi were inoculated in to mini blocks of fagus sylvatica (beech) and pinus sy...

Torrefaction is a thermo-chemical process that reduces the moisture content of wood and transforms it into a brittle, char-type material. The thermo-chemical process can reduce the mass of wood by 20-30% resulting in a denser, higher-valued product that can be transported more economically than traditional wood chips. Through torrefaction, wood may retain 90% of the energy value. This energy de...