Errors during the process of translating mRNA information into protein products occur infrequently. Frameshift errors occur less frequently than other types of errors, suggesting that the translational machinery has more robust mechanisms for precluding that kind of error. Despite these mechanisms, mRNA sequences have evolved that increase the frequency up to 10,000-fold. These sequences, terme...

BACKGROUND Implantation of a gastric stimulator is a feasible surgical therapy for patients with therapy refractory gastroparesis. In addition it seems to be a promising alternative for treating morbid obesity. We present for the first time the surgical emergency of small bowel obstruction due to strangulation by gastric stimulator electrodes. CASE PRESENTATION A 59-year-old Caucasian female ...

Extinction is the learned inhibition of retrieval. Recently it was shown that a brief exposure to a novel environment enhances the extinction of contextual fear in rats, an effect explainable by a synaptic tagging-and-capture process. Here we examine whether this also happens with the extinction of another fear-motivated task, inhibitory avoidance (IA), and whether it depends on dopamine acting...

During differentiation in a thymus, T lymphocytes learn to recognize self alloantigens determined by the H-2 major histocompatibility complex. This imposes certain genetic restrictions on lymphocyte interaction during T cell-mediated immune responses (1-3). For example, antigen-specific helper T cells acquire a binding capacity not only for a given foreign antigen but also for Ia alloantigens o...

We have examined the MLR reaction in two sets of recombinants that differ in the I-J subregion. In both cases, significant stimulation was mediated by antigens controlled by genes in the I-J subregion. This stimulation was inhibitable by the addition of the culture of antisera directed against the I-J gene products on the stimulator cell. The specificity of this inhibition was shown by specific...

A new micro cell chip which can induce stem cells to differentiate into specific body cell types has been designed and fabricated for tissue engineering. This paper presents the test results of a micro cell stimulator which can provide a new miniaturized tool in cell stimulation, culture and analysis for stem cell research. The micro cell stimulator is designed to apply compressive pressure to ...

Güçlü B. Low-cost computer-controlled current stimulator for the student laboratory. Adv Physiol Educ 31: 223–231, 2007; doi:10.1152/ advan.00110.2006.—Electrical stimulation of nerve and muscle tissues is frequently used for teaching core concepts in physiology. It is usually expensive to provide every student group in the laboratory with an individual stimulator. This article presents the des...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To report normative electromyography (EMG) data on the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) and to compare this to analogous data of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and vagus nerve (VN) during intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) using both the standard monopolar stimulator probe and a novel bipolar stimulator probe. STUDY DESIGN Prospective mul...