We introduce a type-2 fuzzy logic system (FLS), which can handle rule uncertainties. The implementation of this type-2 FLS involves the operations of fuzzification, inference, and output processing. We focus on “output processing,” which consists of type reduction and defuzzification. Type-reduction methods are extended versions of type-1 defuzzification methods. Type reduction captures more in...

An important goal of quality improvement in manufacturing is the reduction of variability in product characteristics. Producing more consistent output improves product performance and may reduce manufacturing costs. This article discusses and contrasts five generic variation reduction strategies that encompass all current methods. The five are: output inspection, feed-back control, reduction of...

Wheat is the dominant cereal crop constituting the first staple food in Iran. This paper studies the energy consumption patterns and the relationship between energy inputs and yield for Wheat production in Iranian agriculture during the period 1986 – 2008. The results indicated that total energy inputs in irrigated and dryland wheat production increased from 29.01 and 9.81 GJ ha-1 in 1986 to 44...

In this paper, a novel approach proposed for structural damage detection from limited number of sensors using extreme learning machine (ELM). As the number of sensors used to measure modal data is normally limited and usually are less than the number of DOFs in the finite element model, the model reduction approach should be used to match with incomplete measured mode shapes. The second-order a...

Abstract Plastic is a material associated with various Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions along the life cycles of different products. Many economies have adopted or planned for strategies to reduce, reuse, and recycle plastic goods materials. The benefits reductions in waste generation GHG need be evaluated setting priority select policy instruments managing materials, products, wastes. Several st...

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) concept is the most simple and Abstract more economical method for NO pollutant reduction in spark ignition engines. However, when the higher amount of the EGR gas enters into the engine, the power, torque and fuel economy of the engine decrease. One effective solution for reduction of undesirable effect of this method is to use cooled EGR, that results in more r...