the certainty assumption that is used in economic analysis, althouth is easier in analysis, may be but not logical because in most projects time is playing a key role. in this time horizon the amount of income and future costs affecting by factors that are not managable by investors and can not to be forecasted. therefore in practice usually there is a gap between forecased and real variables. ...

Political feasibility of emission trading systems may crucially depend on the free initial allocation of emission allowances to energy-intensive industries in order to ameliorate adverse production and employment effects. We investigate the potential trade-off between such compensation and economic efficiency for alternative allocation rules where emission allowances are based on either emissio...

Political feasibility of emission trading systems may crucially depend on the free initial allocation of emission allowances to energy-intensive industries in order to ameliorate adverse production and employment effects. We investigate the potential trade-off between such compensation and economic efficiency for alternative allocation rules where emission allowances are based on either emissio...

Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? On an accounting basis, our analysis shows that differences in physical capital and educational attainment can only partially explain the variation in output per worker — we find a large amount of variation in the level of the Solow residual across countries. At a deeper level, we document that the differences in capital accumulation, p...

There exists significant price dispersion in many industries. As a consequence the value of output is not necessarily a good measure of the quantity of output. Estimation of production functions for these types of goods is thus challenging since quantities and prices of output are typically not separately observed by the econometrician. This paper provides a new flexible approach for estimating...

Identification of New Keynesian Phillips Curves from a Global Perspective New Keynesian Phillips Curves (NKPC) have been extensively used in the analysis of monetary policy, but yet there are a number of issues of concern about how they are estimated and then related to the underlying macroeconomic theory. The first is whether such equations are identified. To check identification requires spec...

Trade and Migration with Renewable Natural Resources: Out-of-Steady-State Dynamics Commodity price increases associated with the entry of China, India and other countries into the world economy has led to increased pressure on common-property renewable natural resources (NR). The problem is particularly worrisome for economies that obtain a large share of their income from the exploitation of N...

In this article we describe five major classification approaches and provide a comparative analysis on a multispectral image. First we define the classification problem as following. Given a sample set of input-output pairs, the objective of supervised classification is to find a function that learns from the given input-output pairs, and predicts an output for any unseen input (but assumed to ...

I n this study, the Regional Input- Output Structural Decomposition Analysis (I-O SDA) is used to investigate the effects of technological changes on employment in Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran during 2006-2011. This paper develops the SDA method to decompose the technological change from two viewpoints of supply and demand for intermediate inputs in each sector. These chan...

This articles investigates the recent trends in co-authorship in economics. Using data from more than 700.000 journal articles we show that the average number of authors per has increased over the last years. This process is likely to be continued in the future. In a regression analysis we present evidence how the authorship of papers is related to the number of citations, the JEL classificatio...