Spine fusion remains a common means of achieving stability in spinal surgery. Methods for obtaining fusion involve decortication of the host bed and introduction of a grafting material. Autologous bone has served as the standard material for these procedures in that its three cardinal properties encourage effective bone healing: osteogenic cells, an osteoconductive structure, and an osteoinduct...

Physiologic resorption due to remodeling processes affects autogenous corticocancellous grafts in the treatment of atrophic jawbone alveolar ridges. Such a situation in the past made overgrafting of the recipient site mandatory to get enough bone support to dental implants in order to perform a prosthetic rehabilitation. Anorganic bovine bone, conventionally used to treat alveolar bone deficien...

Biomaterial and scaffold development underpins the advancement of tissue engineering. Traditional scaffolds based on biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactic acid) and poly(lactic acidco-glycolic acid) are weak and non-osteoconductive. For bone tissue engineering, polymer-based composite scaffolds containing bioceramics such as hydroxyapatite can be produced and used. The bioceramics can be e...

In extensive bone defects, tissue damage and hypoxia lead to cell death, resulting in slow and incomplete healing. Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) can give rise to all specialized lineages found in healthy bone and are therefore uniquely suited to aid regeneration of damaged bone. We show that the cultivation of hESC-derived mesenchymal progenitors on 3D osteoconductive scaffolds in bioreacto...

Several conditions in clinical orthopaedic practice can lead to the development of a diaphyseal segmental bone defect, which cannot heal without intervention. Segmental bone defects have been traditionally treated with bone grafting and/or distraction osteogenesis, methods that have many advantages, but also major drawbacks, such as limited availability, risk of disease transmission and prolong...

The management of large bone defects due to trauma, degenerative disease, congenital deformities, and tumor resection remains a complex issue for the orthopaedic reconstructive surgeons. The requirement is for an ideal bone replacement which is osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic. Autologous bone grafts are still considered the gold standard for reconstruction of bone defects, but d...

Bone graft are used in dentistry for the reconstruction of severely atrophic jaws. Fresh frozen bone has no osteogenic property but it has osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties because its matrix contains growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate morphological and protein expression characteristics of fresh frozen bone be...

Hidroxyapatyte is a natural mineral found in teeth and bones. It is commonly used as a filler to regenerate bone or as a coating to promote bone growth. The application of calcium phosphate cements, which can form hydoxyapatite, in the treatment of bone defects, begun more than two decades ago and many formulations have been developed so far. The ideal bone replacing cement should be osteocondu...

Titanium has an osseointegrative property, while hydroxyapatite has an osteoconductive property. It remains a matter of controversy among researchers whether hydroxyapatite has higher osteoblast compatibility than titanium. Here, we compared the activities between osteoblasts cultured on titanium and those cultured on hydroxyapatite. An osteoblast-like cell line, MC3T3-E1, was cultured on machi...

Bone apatite contains carbonate and is therefore not pure hydroxyapatite. We have successfully developed sintered carbonate apatite (CA) with a concentration of carbonate of 6 weight% and have evaluated its osteoconductive and bioresorption characteristics. Cylindrical porous sintered CA and sintered hydroxyapatite (HA) measuring 4 x 4 mm with a porosity of 20% were implanted into surgically-cr...