objective: this study investigated the relationship between resilience and religious orientation (internal and external) with posttraumatic growth (ptg). this study also examined the impact of marriage and sex variables on growth . method: participants were selected based on prescreening of a larger group of students enrolled in the university of shiraz. participants were recruited in two stage...

The unprecedented challenges of creating Biosphere 2, the world's first laboratory for biospherics, the study of global ecology and long-term closed ecological system dynamics, led to breakthrough developments in many fields, and a deeper understanding of the opportunities and difficulties of material closure. This paper will review accomplishments and challenges, citing some of the key researc...

On Earth, the deep subsurface biosphere of both the oceanic and the continental crust is well known for surviving harsh conditions and environments characterized by high temperatures, high pressures, extreme pHs, and the absence of sunlight. The microorganisms of the terrestrial deep biosphere have an excellent capacity for adapting to changing geochemistry, as the alteration of the crust proce...

today more than ever customer orientation as the most important competitive advantage has gained an increasing importance. this paper aims to examine the relation between perceived value, perceived quality, customer satisfaction, and re-purchase intention in tehran department stores. this is a descriptive survey study. the statistical population of the research is composed of customers of the t...

Recent research suggests that peer-to-peer argumentation supports conceptual change in students’ knowledge structures in science and mathematics, provided that students actually juxtapose and evaluate different ideas in a critical, yet coconstructive manner. However, it is well known that this type of peer-to-peer dialogue is not easily elicited and sustained, especially on scientific topics. I...