Pesticides are very hazardous and lethal for organisms as well as for humans. They present danger to consumers, bystanders and workers during manufacture, transport or, during and after use. Pesticides are also toxic to plants and many food crops, including fruits and vegetables, contain pesticide residues after being washed or peeled. Pesticides decrease the biodiversity in soil and it has bee...

Spraydrift and edge-of-field runoff are important routes of pesticide entry into streams. Pesticide contamination originating from spraydrift usually resides in the water phase, while pesticides in contaminated runoff are to a large extent associated with suspended particles (SPs). The effects of two organophosphorous insecticides (OPs), chloropyrifos (CPF) and azinphos-methyl (AZP), on acetylc...

organophosphorous (op) chemical warfare nerve agents mainly sarin and tabun were used during the iran-iraq war with high mortalities. in addition to atropine and oximes, the followings have recently been used successfully for the treatment of op poisoning. 1. sodium bicarbonate: infusion of high doses of sodium bicarbonate (5 meq/kg in 60 min. followed by 5-6 meq/kg/day to obtain arterial blood...

Pesticides are essential tools in integrated pest management (IPM) programs which can have the great influence if they are used properly. However, the adverse impacts of these compounds on the environment and ecosystem should not be ignored. The ecological effects of pesticides can be discussed from different points of view. Some of the significant consequences of use of pesticides are side eff...

Soldiers are exposed to multiple stress conditions adverse psychological, physico-chemical and environmental conditions during warfare which can result in significant physical and chemical alterations in the biological system. The effects of carbamate (pyridostigmine bromide, PB) pretreatment prior to physiological stress and organophosphorous compound, DFP (diisopropylfluorophosphate) exposure...