The composition of municipal wastewater and sewage sludge reflects the use and proliferation of elements and contaminants within society. In Sweden, official statistics show that concentrations of toxic metals in municipal sewage sludge have steadily decreased, by up to 90 %, since the 1970s, due to environmental programmes and statutory limits on metals in sludge and soil. Results from long-te...

background: lack of nutritional knowledge is one of the most important reasons of nutritional problems and consequently im­proper practice, which can lead to several complications. this study has been designed in order to compare knowledge, at­ti­tude and practices of the urban and rural households regarding iron deficiency anemia (ida) in boushehr, golestan and sis­tan & balouchestan provinces...

Peri-urban areas are typically associated with high growth regions that have witnessed rapid landscape changes on the peripheries of metropolitan and urban areas with a particular focus on high amenity areas. These former rural lands adjacent to the edges of urban areas into which they would typically expands or influences have been described as peri-urban areas (‘peri’: around, about or beyond...

[1] The dynamics of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation are analyzed using a species-resolved SOA model for the South Coast Air Basin of California (SoCAB). Updated versions of the Caltech Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (CACM) and the Model to Predict the Multiphase Partitioning of Organics (MPMPO) are integrated with the CIT airshed model. The simulations are performed using input data ...

BACKGROUND The prevalence of childhood asthma has been increasing in China. This study aimed to compare the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of asthmatic children from urban and rural areas in Beijing, China. METHODS Schools, communities, and kindergartens were randomly selected by cluster random sampling from urban and rural areas in Beijing. Parents were surveyed by the same screening q...

An updated and expanded version of the Carbon Bond mechanism (CB05) has been incorporated into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system to more accurately simulate wintertime, pristine, and high-altitude situations. The CB05 mechanism has nearly 2 times the number of reactions relative to the previous version of the Carbon Bond mechanism (CB-IV). While the expansions do provi...

INTRODUCTION The use of solid fuels for cooking is associated with indoor pollution and lung diseases. The objective of the study was to determine the pattern and determinants of household sources of energy for cooking in rural and urban South Western, Nigeria. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional study of households in urban (Ado-Ekiti) and rural (Ido-Ekiti) local council areas from April ...

conclusions efforts to improve vaccination coverage should be taken into account regarding the differences in the factors that contribute to the incomplete vaccination status of children in the rural and urban areas. the current study findings indicate that vaccination services especially in the urban areas need to be reassessed to ensure that all children are covered. to develop and promote ch...

this article wants to propose this theory that farm corporations are agropolitan development models in iran. as over-concentrating investments to the urban areas did not lead to a trickledown effect to the rural areas. to the extreme, there are ideas to minimize linkages with the urban economy, and to make the rural areas pursue self-sufficiency by maximizing its potentials. however, against th...

Background and aims: The study investigated mortality rates of children in west area of Isfahan province in 2006-2012. Methods: This cross- sectional study performed in a seven- years period by using information received from Isfahan Health center on neonatal mortality rate, infant mortality rate,under 5 years mortality rate in the west of Isfahan provinc...