Aid co-ordination is a constant theme of discussion among national and international aid agencies in their search for more effectiveness and efficiency in delivering development assistance. This paper seeks to clarify some of the arguments currently made in support of aid co-ordination, and to precise unavoidable trade-offs born of the existence of political costs. It is anchored in the availab...

We investigate how boundaries in knowledge control, sharing and co-ordination influence UK and German manufacturing firms’ innovation activity. Issues of knowledge control related to plant ownership are generally found to be unimportant for innovation, but knowledge sharing between plants affects innovation in UK plants with no in-house R&D capability. More important is that knowledge co-ordina...

The evaluation of the movement co-ordination of fish respiratory systems has attracted many investigators (Baglioni, 1907, 1910; van Dobben, 1935; Kirchhoff, 1958; Willem, 1931, 1940, 1947; Woskoboinikoff, 1932). For a long time the theories of the functioning of the system were only based upon anatomical data. It is hardly surprising that this has led to conflicting theories in many cases wher...

We report canonical and grand-canonical lattice Monte Carlo simulations of the self-assembly of addressable structures comprising hundreds of distinct component types. The nucleation behaviour, in the form of free-energy barriers to nucleation, changes significantly as the co-ordination number of the building blocks is changed from 4 to 8 to 12. Unlike tetrahedral structures - which roughly cor...

The “Dual Ordination” (erbuseng jie ????) is a Vinaya-based ordination procedure introduced to China from ?r? La?k? in the fifth century; late imperial period it came be included main system. It stipulates that full for nuns carried out first front of an assembly bhik?u??s and then another bhik?us. However, contrary this stipulation, ordinations have mainly been conferred women by bhik?us alone...

Transfer of chirality during the build-up of molecules has been applied innumerable times in organic chemistry since the end of the 19th century, when it was introduced in the so-called asymmetric synthesis by E. Fischer. Although analogous reactions were introduced in co-ordination chemistry in its early development, diastereoselective reactions have not been applied in a very systematic way f...

Eye-head co-ordination of patients with Parkinsonism and cerebellar ataxia was investigated and compared with that of normal subjects. In Parkinsonian patients eye-head co-ordination was of the same pattern as normals, with an accurate and stable gaze. Reaction times for both eyes and head, however, were prolonged. It was also noted that the contribution of head movements to gaze shift was abno...

Alternaria and Cladosporium spores belong to the most frequent and allergenic particles in bioaerosol in the temperate climate. The investigation of Alternaria and Cladosporium spore concentrations was performed in two cities in Poland, Szczecin and Cracow, in 2004-2013. The meteorological parameters taken to assess their impact on fungal spores were average, maximum and minimum temperature, re...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the species-environment relationships in arid and semi-arid rangelandsof Nodushan, Yazd. The plant species cover and the environmental variables were measured at 9 sites. Soil sampleswere taken for measurement of 12 attributes in 0-10 cm and 10-80 cm layers. Vegetation was classified using twowayindicator species analysis (TWINSPAN). Data was analyzed u...

Fifteen populations of Pimpinellifoliaeae section from the species; Rosa pimpinellifolia, R. hemispherica, R. foetida and a new species, R. abrica, were collected from eight provinces of Iran and were studied on the basis of their morphological characters. In each population five plants were randomly selected and some branches were harvested in spring and autumn for studying their vegetative an...